Unit 7

Question 1

Nationalism

Answer 1

Loyalty and devotion to one’s nation and vying for its independence; patriotism on steroids

Question 2

What was the main reason European states struggled to maintain international stability in the 19th century?

Answer 2

It was an age of nationalism and revolutions

Question 3

What did the breakdown of the Concert of Europe open the door for?

Answer 3

Movements of national unification in Italy and Germany, leading to a transformation of the balance of power

Question 4

European worldview following the revolutions of 1848

Answer 4

Realist and materialistic

Question 5

What was a byproduct of nationalism in the 19th century?

Answer 5

Anti-Semitism

Question 6

Zionism

Answer 6

The call for a Jewish homeland (or Jewish nationalism); grew as a result to anti-Semitism

Question 7

Otto von Bismarck

Answer 7

Prussian leader who used Realpolitik (practical politics), masterful, manipulative war strategy to unify Germany

Question 8

Austria-Hungary dual monarchy

Answer 8

The two states joined together under one monarch but maintained separate parliaments and administrations in an attempt to stabilize the state by reconfiguring national unity

Question 9

What did the Crimean War do?

Answer 9

Demonstrated the Ottoman Empire’s weakness and contributed to the breakdown of the Concert of Europe

Question 10

Count Cavour

Answer 10

Used diplomatic strategies and Garibaldi’s military campaigns to unify Northern Italy

Question 11

How did the Balkan wars lead to WWI?

Answer 11

Many of the European powers clashed over trade, colonies, and military might that encouraged continuous unrest, sparking the beginning of WWI

Question 12

Darwinism

Answer 12

The theory of biological evolution developed by English naturalist Charles Darwin

Question 13

Social Darwinism

Answer 13

The social and racist application of Darwinism to humans; suggested that Caucasian people were naturally superior to other races because of their typically higher-level economics

Question 14

Positivism

Answer 14

Philosophy that science alone provides knowledge; emphasized the rational and scientific analysis of nature and human affairs

Question 15

How did philosophy transition in the later 19th century?

Answer 15

It moved from rational interpretations of nature and society to an emphasis on irrationality and impulse

Question 16

Id vs superego vs ego

Answer 16

According to Freudian Psychology, there was a constant internal struggle between the conscious and unconscious. He claimed everyone had an id (the impulsive, pleasure-hunting part of one’s personality), the superego (judgmental and “morally correct”), and the ego (the conscious part of one’s personality the mediates between the id and superego; makes the ultimate decision)

Question 17

The White Man’s Burden

Answer 17

The belief that white people had to enlighten or conquer other non-white races out of selfless moral duty; for the gain of others, of course (obviously it’s really racist but that’s what some Europeans thought back then)

Question 18

Imperialism

Answer 18

A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force

Question 19

Motivations that led to European imperialism

Answer 19

Nationalistic rivalries, strategic concerns and searches for raw materials drove Europeans to colonize parts of Asia and Africa

Question 20

Quinine

Answer 20

A treatment for malaria (a deadly disease contracted from mosquitoes) that greatly encouraged the Scramble for Africa, which was the invasion and colonizing of much of Africa

Question 21

What types of technological advancements enabled European imperialism?

Answer 21

Advanced weaponry, communication and transportation innovations, and medicine advancements like quinine and anesthesia (a product of Louis Pasteur’s germ and theory of disease) ensured survival of the Europeans as they invaded Asia and Africa

Question 22

How did imperialism affect Europe?

Answer 22

It obviously increased European states’ land, but it also affected European culture and society and increased diplomatic tensions that strained alliance

Question 23

Berlin Conference

Answer 23

A meeting that negotiated which European powers could obtain land from Africa

Question 24

How did non-European societies react to European imperialism?

Answer 24

They challenged it with nationalistic movements and rebellions such as the Chinese Boxer Rebellion and Japan’s Meiji Restoration

Question 25

What did Romantic art, music and literature emphasize?

Answer 25

Intuition, emotion, nature, bright colors, individuality and the supernatural

Question 26

How did realist and materialist themes and attitudes influence art and literature?

Answer 26

Many realist artists and writers depicted the lives of ordinary people and drew attention to social problems

Question 27

Impressionism

Answer 27

A type of art that depicted subjective, abstract forms of art that were often interpreted differently by different people