Unit 2 Flashcards
Who planted the seeds of the Protestant Reformation?
Christian Humanists John Wycliffe and Jan Hus
95 Theses
A document written by Martin Luther on the corruption of the Catholic Church and calling them to reform; considered to be the start of the Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther
Most well known reformer in the Protestant Reformation; wrote his 95 Theses; believed the scriptures alone should be the sole authority of Christians
Why were the 95 Theses so popular/successful?
His use of the printing press allowed his ideas to spread quickly and far
Diet of Worms
Trial the Roman Catholic Church (RCC) put Luther on, accusing him of heresy and demanding he recant his 95 Theses; Luther denied, so he was excommunicated
What role did German Princes play in the Protestant Reformation?
Namely Prince Fredrick III protected Martin Luther while he was in hiding after being excommunicated; they were actually the main ones contributing to reform by supporting Luther’s ideas; they knew if the Catholic church had less power, they would have more
John Calvin
Founder of Calvinism from Switzerland, supported Martin Luther but had sightly different interpretation of the doctrine of salvation
How did John Calvin’s beliefs differ from Martin Luther’s?
They shared the same fundamental beliefs, but Calvin believed in predestination and that the people God had already chosen to go to Heaven, or the Elect, were “safe” in their salvation
Difference between Calvinism and Catholicism
Catholics: faith + good works = salvation
Calvinists: faith = salvation → good works
Calvin’s Geneva
A theocracy welfare state in Geneva, Switzerland; church and state were TIGHTLY bound; citizens were required by law to attend church 5 days a week and other strict Christian laws were implimented
The Institutes of the Christian Religion (book)
A hefty volume filled with Calvin’s ideas; first complete treatment of Reformation doctrines and ideas; allowed Calvin’s ideas to spread
Anabaptists
Similar to Calvinists, but they believed infants should not be baptized, because only adults could truly affirm their own faith
Who were the wars of religion mainly fought by?
France and the Holy Roman Empire (HRE)
What types of nations were France and the HRE during the wars of religion?
France was unified, while the HRE was made up of hundreds of loosely confederated states which had powerful individual rulers, though they were answerable to the Holy Roman Emperor
The Huguenots
French Protestants who were hated and persecuted by the French Catholic gov’t (especially Catherine de Medici, 11 year old King Charles IX’s mother)
How were the Huguenots persecuted? Give some examples
The Massacre of Vassy (led by the Bourbon family in 1562), the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (during the wedding of King Charles XI’s sister and Huguenot Henry of Navarre; it was organized by the evil mother-in-law Catherine de Medici)
War of the Three Henry’s
Three different Henry’s were vying for the French throne: Henry III, Henry of Guise, and Henry of Navarre. The first two got assassinated, so Henry of Navarre took the throne under the name Henry IV
Edict of Nantes
Passed by Henry VI/of Navarre, which established France as Catholic while also providing the Huguenot freedom to worship without harassment, allowing much religious toleration
30 Years War
Caused by the actions of Emperor Ferdinand II that forced Protestants into Catholicism
Four Phases of 30 Years War
- Bohemian (small, localized, re-established Catholicism in some German states)
- Danish (King of Denmark v. Catholics; Denmark lost)
- Swedish (war growing past HRE borders, victories won for Protestants by Adolphus of Sweden)
- French (used as an excuse to fight Habsburgs of Spain to assure no rebound from Protestant defeats)
Peace of Westphalia
Settled the 30 Years’ War, marked the end of European religious wars and Christendom, hastened the decline of the HRE
What was the Catholic Reformation in response to?
The criticisms of Protestant reformers like Luther and Calvin, and to regain followers and power
Council of Trent
Without a doubt the most significant act of the Catholic Reformation; meant to reform the Catholic Church and form reconciliation with the Protestants, succeeding slightly on the former but failed miserably on the latter
Jesuits
Founded by Igantius of Loyola for the purpose of spiritual renewal; they took monk-like vows; were missionaries to many nations including their own; responsible for many southern provinces of HRE returning to Catholicism
What caused societal and political changes in the 16th century?
The Protestant Reformation
Main changes in society and politics in the 16th century
Moving up status was now a possibility; “Querelles des Femmes”, or The Woman Question (debate on women’s rights) was a thing; a culture of leisure was on the rise; witch-hunting upheaval occurred
Social Hiearchies
Men dominated society, politics and the household; your status depended on your religion, gender and born-into class
Sides of the Querelles des Femmes
No: women were naturally inferior to men (Eve was the one who was tempted by the serpent, not Adam)
Yes: if women are inferior, it’s only because education has been withheld from them
What was Carnival?
Think 16th century version of Mardi Gras; festival held right before Lent; in order to keep everyone in line, local church authorities held certain punishments like flogging and/or being held in the stocks
Witchcraft
According to Protestant and Catholic leaders alike, witchcraft was evidence of a pact with the devil, and thus ought to be feared and extinguished; ¾ of the executions occurred in the HRE, most likely in an attempt to regain some control over their lives by scapegoating women as witches
Mannerism and Baroque Art
Employed distortion, detail, large musculature and vibrant colors to evoke emotion
