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Biology > Unit 6 - Motzko Video Review > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Motzko Video Review Flashcards

1
Q

Homologous Structures

A

similar structures different purposes

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2
Q

Analogous Structures

A

different structures similar purposes

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3
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

Structures that are no longer being utilized due to changes in environment/niche

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4
Q

Comparative Biochemistry

A

comparison of specific amino acid sequences in proteins shared by various species can be used as evidence of divergent evolution

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5
Q

Embryology

A

The longer two species resemble each other in embryonic stages, and the closer the time is for development, the more likely they are closely related

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6
Q

DNA Homology

A

means that two or more organisms have similar DNA sequences. shares as common ancestor.

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7
Q

Permineralized Fossils

A

The original structure is still there, but tiny pores or spaces are filled with minerals.

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8
Q

Intact Fossils

A

The actual body (or part of it) is well preserved, sometimes with soft parts!

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9
Q

Imprint Fossils

A

A mark or impression left by an organism, like a footprint, leaf print, or shell outline.

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10
Q

Petrified Fossils

A

The entire organism (usually wood or bone) is replaced by minerals—it’s basically turned to stone.

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11
Q

Plesiomorphic

A

ancestral trait shared by members of a clade

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12
Q

Apomorphic

A

a newly evolved trait shared by members of a clade

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13
Q

Lamarck Ideas

A

Studied inheritance of characteristics in organisms, believed in the idea of “use or disuse”–keeping helpful characteristics and ridding of unhelpful ones. He also thought that characteristics can change during an organism’s lifetime, and these two ideas are wrong because different characteristics are inherited through genetics, not use or disuse

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14
Q

Darwin Ideas

A
  • Populations always overproduce, which is why all populations have competition for resources
  • Populations will always have variety
  • Environment can and does change randomly
  • Only some organisms will be able to survive and reproduce in new conditions (survival of the fittest)
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15
Q

Natural Selection

A
  • Happens in nature—no human involvement
  • Traits that help an organism survive and reproduce become more common over time
  • Environment chooses which traits are “best”
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16
Q

Artificial Selection

A
  • Humans choose which traits they want
  • People breed plants or animals to get specific features
  • Happens much faster than natural selection
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17
Q

Variation

A

Differences between individuals

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18
Q

Adaptation

A

Differences that improve reproductive fitness

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19
Q

Directional Selection

A

Favors one phenotypic extreme, individuals at one end of the distribution have higher fitness than those in the middle or the other end, so the population will shift in that direction over time

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20
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Favors average phenotype, individuals in between both extremes have the best fitness, curve becomes more narrow over time but stays center

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21
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Individuals on both extremes have higher fitness than the average individuals

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22
Q

Acquired Characteristics

A

Lamarck - Believed that organisms could change during their lifetime and pass those changes to their kids.
- Traits were gained through use or need, not from birth.

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23
Q

Darwin Adaptations

A
  • Believed that organisms are born with different traits.
  • If a trait helps them survive and reproduce, it gets passed on.
  • Over many generations, these helpful traits become adaptations.
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24
Q

Adaptive Radiation (Divergent Evolution)

A
  • Happens when one species rapidly evolves into many different species, each adapted to a different environment or niche.
  • It’s like one “starter” species spreading out and diversifying.
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25
Speciation
- Creation of a new species - Happens when a group of organisms becomes so different from others that they can no longer mate and produce fertile offspring. - Can happen because of isolation, mutation, natural selection, etc.
26
Convergent Evolution
Different species become more similar - analogous structures ex. birds and bats
27
Divergent Evolution
Same ancestor, but species become more different - homologous structures ex. wolf and dogs
28
Allopatric Speciation
- Geographic separation where environments are different on either side - Selective pressures are different, so differential reproduction will happen as different variations are favored in these environments, eventually bringing rise to a new species
29
Differential Reproduction
- not all individuals reproduce equally - Some organisms have traits that help them survive better and reproduce more than others. - These "better" traits get passed on to the next generation more often. - Over time, those traits become more common in the population.
30
Peripatric Specication
- Like allopatric, population is split by geographic isolation - 2nd new population is smaller and has more limited range of variations - 2nd population is more likely to exhibit Founders Effect and genetic drift
31
Founders Effect
- individuals with specific traits will influence how the future population will turn out. - new group may not represent genetic diversity of original population
32
Genetic Drift
- where the population will drift from original genes because other ones are selected due to the new environment
33
Sympatric Speciation
- Different species are developing in the same location, not split geographically - Happens when individuals in the population only choose specific others to reproduce with, which makes them reproductively isolated from other organisms to the point of different speciation
34
Molecular Clock Hypothesis
The molecular clock hypothesis suggests that we can estimate the time of evolutionary events by comparing genetic differences between species, as mutations occur at a constant rate over time.
35
Allele Frequency
proportion of a specific allele (variant of a gene) in a gene pool, which is the total collection of genes in a population.
36
Gene Pool
contains all the alleles for every gene in a population
37
Gene Pool and Allele Frequency Connection
Changes in allele frequency over time (through natural selection, genetic drift, etc.) can lead to evolution by altering the genetic makeup of the gene pool.
38
Gradualism
- the idea that evolution occurs slowly and steadily over long periods of time. - Small changes accumulate over time, gradually leading to new species.
39
Punctuated Equilibrium
- evolution happens in bursts, with long periods of stability (little or no change) followed by rapid/big changes that lead to the development of new species.
40
Hardy- Weinberg Equilibrium
- doesn't mean that allele frequencies are 50/50, they aren't changing over time - population isn't evolving
41
Characteristics to have Hardy-Weinberg Equillibrium
- No selective pressures (all individuals must have equal chance of surviving) - No differential reproduction - No mutations - No immigration or emigration - No changes in allele frequencies
42
Neo-Darwinism
- Nature selects not only for certain phenotypes but for the alleles that code of phenotypes - Populations whose allele frequencies change over time are said to be evolving
43
Extinct
- no individuals of that species are left alive anywhere on Earth. - The species has completely disappeared from the planet.
44
Lazarus Species
- Lazarus species is a species that was thought to be extinct but was rediscovered alive after a long period of no known sightings
45
Elvis Species
- appears to be identical to an extinct species but is actually a new species that evolved to look very similar to the extinct one.
46
Binomial Nomenclature
2 name naming system
47
Linnean Hierarchy
1. Kingdom 2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species
48
How Linnean Hierarchy relates to Binomial Nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature is the system for giving each species a two-part name (genus and species)
49
Difference Between Cladogram and Taxonomy
C: Shows evolutionary relationships based on shared traits T: Classifies and names organisms into hierarchical categories, doesn't describe how organism has gotten to that point.
50
Pre Cambrian Supereon
4.6 bya - 542 mya
51
Phanerozoic Eon
542 mya - present
52
Paleozoic Era
542 - 252 mya
53
Mesozoic Era
252 - 66 mya
54
Cenozoic Era
66 mya - present
55
Panspermia
what if the equivalent of sperm was able to deliver the building blocks of life to this planet (heavy bombardment and space dust)
56
Biogenisis
living organisms arise only from pre-existing living organisms
57
Abiogenisis
life originated from non-living matter
58
Experiments to Disprove Abiogenisis
- Redi - Pasteur
59
Problem with Biogenisis Relative to Cell Theory
- Cell theory says that all cells come from pre-existing cells. - Biogenesis supports this by saying that life comes from life.
60
Arboreal Species
Living in trees

Biology (17 decks)

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