Unit 5C Flashcards
What is recombinant DNA?
DNA that comes from two different sources (can be same species)
What is transgenic DNA?
DNA that comes from two different sources that are different species
What is the rule with transgenic and recombinant DNA
All transgenic DNA is recombinant, but not all recombinant DNA is transgenic if it comes from the same species
What is artificial selection?
Taking organisms with most desirable characteristics and breeding them to enhance those genetics
What is natural selection?
Organisms with better adapted traits are more likely to survive over those who are not as well adapted, so their helpful traits are passed down generationally
What are restriction Endo Nucleases?
Little guys, like Smal and Hindlll, who find and cut very specific sequences of nucleotides, leaving unpaired sticky nucleotide ends
What are restriction sites?
Sequences of nucleotides, and perhaps the other nucleotides that pair up with the sticky ends
What are 2 gene splicing methods?
CRISPR and Restriction Endo nucleases
What is CRISPR?
can be used to program for certain DNA sequences that need to be cut, and these programs are adjustable so the splicing can be anywhere desired
Restriction Endo nucleases with gene splicing
Restriction endonucleases also splice, but where they splice is not as adjustable as CRISPR because they are guys who only cut for specific areas
Why does Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) happen?
PCR happens because we need a lot of DNA to study it well, and this process can make billions of copies of DNA
What is needed in PCR?
DNA, Taq Polymerase, Primers, Thermal Cycler
What is a thermal Cycler?
consistently raises and lowers the temperature so strands can split but then stick together
What is Gel Electrophoresis?
Separation of DNA sequences into different locations using a gel that sorts and filters them
How is Gene Sequencing different from DNA fingerprinting?
Gene sequencing accounts for all nucleotides and therefore all amino acids, while DNA fingerprinting only looks at the introns because they’re more diverse among everyone
How does Gene Sequencing benefit from Gel electrophoresis?
to separate DNA strand and locate it
How does DNA fingerprinting benefit from Gel electrophoresis?
to distinguish unique patterns
What is GWAS?
Scanning genetic markers for specific traits from many different individuals across a genome, cataloging them in those large chromosome map things
What are microarrays?
(gene chips): Data from GWAS is put into these little chips that also carry an individual’s entire genome
What can GWAS identify?
GWASs can help identify diseases and the specific mutation(s) that causes them
What is karyotyping?
Freezing cells in prophase before they divide to show their full diploid sets
What are ideograms?
Product of karyotypes, they’re images of the artificial arrangement of chromosomes
What can ideograms do?
These can show the gender of the baby, and also if there are any extra chromosomes to show if something’s wrong
What are chromosome level mutations?
Large-scale mutations that affect the structure and number of chromosomes in an organism, which can be shown by the ideogram
