Unit 6- Metabolic Pathways: Flashcards
What are Anabolic reactions?
They store energy
What are catabolic reactions?
They release energy
What happens in anabolic reactions?
Produce and use carbohydrates
Light energy in photosynthesis is converted to sugars
Heat is released
What happens in catabolic reactions?
Breaks the bonds between carbon, hydrogen and oxygen- exergonic
heat is released- this is where thermodynamics comes into play
Conversion is not 100% efficient
In redox reactions, what happens in Reduction?
gain of an electron(s) by a molecule
What happens during oxidation?
loss of an electron(s) by a molecule
What is the reduction of CO2 to form sugars and the oxidation of water
photosynthesis
_________ oxidizes oxygen to produce water and ________ is the waste product
Aerobic respiration and carbon dioxide
What stores a lot of energy?
Carbon to hydrogen bonds
What also stores a lot of energy?
Carbon to carbon bonds
What releases energy?
The breaking of the bonds
________serve as oxidizing agents, accepting a pair of electrons, along with one or more protons to switch to their reduced forms
Coenzymes
Explain the product NADPH
NADP+ accepts 2 electrons- and 1 H+ to becomes NADPH in oxygenic photosynthesis
What is NADPH?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NAD+
is oxidized
NADH
is reduced
What is FAD?
the other coenzyme in cellular respiration
What does FAD stand for?
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
In Photosynthesis…
H is released to form water
During photosynthesis, water is split where?
Water is split in the chloroplast
What happens in Photosynthesis?
Water is split in the chloroplast
Then Hydrogen from water are used to make water in another part of the chloroplast
They need to be carried or else they would acidify in the chloroplast’s cytoplasm
Electron carrier
NADP- PICKS UP HYDROGEN ATOMS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS
In Respiration…
2 coenzymes that will pick up H atoms
In respiration, As sugars are being oxidized
- H released from sugars
To keep the cytoplasm of the mitochondrion stable-
NADH AND FAD are the two electron carriers
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
What is ATP?
Energy currency for cells
ATP is ___stored; ____used
Briefly/quickly
Name of an energy nucleotide
ATP
How is ATP. released?
Negative charges on PO4 releasing energy when these bonds are broken
Any process that is active requires…
ATP
TRUE OR FALSE: Organisms store ATP
False
True or False: More ATP needs to be made and then consumed
True
True of False: ATP requires O2
TRUE
True or False: Without O2- ATP can continue to run?
FALSE
The atom that accepts electrons in a redox reaction is the ________.
oxidizing agent
Energy is stored in an AMP molecule through ________.
addition of phosphate groups
During a process called photoact, ________ give up an electron as a part of the light-dependent reactions.
chlorophylls
Photosynthesis occurs inside the ________ of plants.
chloroplast
Part of the light-independent reactions is known as ________ because it converts inorganic carbon dioxide into organic carbohydrates.
FIXATION
Chemiosmosis involves ________.
the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane
The direct products from the citric acid cycle are ________.
temporary electron storage compounds
During the second half of glycolysis, what occurs?
Responses
ATP is made
At the end of ________ the starting glucose molecule has been oxidized.
pyruvate oxidation
The process of ________ utilizes an organic molecule to regenerate NAD+ from NADH.
fermentation
The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase generates ________ during fermentation.
alcohol
What is the result from photosynthesis?
simple sugars
The main purpose of the light-independent reactions is to ________.
build carbohydrates for long-term energy storage
________ reactions of photosynthesis generate NADPH and ATP to carry solar energy.
Light dependent
The energy from sunlight is absorbed by ________ inside photosynthetic organelles.
pigments
What is removed from pyruvate during its conversion into an acetyl group?
carboxyl
Lactic acid generated by fermentation in muscles ________.
Is sent to the liver for conversion back into pyruvic acid
How is ATP produced?
Substrate- level Phosphorylation
What is an example of Substrate- level Phosphorylation?
Glycolsisi
What is glycolysis?
Chemical reaction that does not need O2
“ To split sugars”
2 ATP Net are produced
Allows a yeast cell to survive without O2 for a few hours
Will keep producing alcohol until it dies in own alcohol
Explain Substrate-level Phosphorylation
ATP is formed when an enzyme transfer a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP
What is Chemiosmosis?
movement of H across the membrane) and Oxidative Phosphorylation (the use of oxygen in the process as the acceptor across the membrane):
______ 0f the ATP generated during glucose catabolism is derived from Chemiosmosis
90%
Where for chemiosmosis occur?
Takes place in michondria with a eukaryotic cell or the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell.
This process uses oxygen and from ATP generated during glucose catabolism is called
oxidative phosphorylation
________ produces ________
Chemiosmosis/oxidative phosphorylation
Explain the steps in chemiosmosis
1) Hydrogen atom accumulate in the space between the two membranes in the mitochondria
2)When it does 2 H + an O equals H2O
O is the acceptor of this process
When the H cross the membrane it generates ATP in the process
What is Oxygenic Photosynthesis?
The energy of sunlight is captured and used to energize electrons, which are then stored in the covalent bonds of sugar molecules
Oxygenic Photosynthesis power _______of Earth’s ecosystems
99%
What is Anoxygenic Photosynthesis?
Forms sugars for organism that are prokaryotes
What are two forms of Chemoautotrophic?
Anoxygenic Photosynthesis/ Photosynthesis
Photoautotrophs including a) plants, b) algao, and c) cyanobacteria ( ancestral chloroplast) synthesize their organic compounds via _______ in a deep see vent, chemoautotrophs such as these thermophilic bacteria,______from inorganic compounds to produce organic compounds
photosynthesis/ capture energy
Heterotrophs such as animals rely on ______ from autotrophs for their energy needs
the sugars
Chemical Equation for Oxygenic Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light –> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
In most plants the sugar is _______unless it is fruit_____
sucrose or starch /glucose
