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Biology 101 > Unit 6- Metabolic Pathways: > Flashcards

Unit 6- Metabolic Pathways: Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Anabolic reactions?

A

They store energy

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2
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A

They release energy

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3
Q

What happens in anabolic reactions?

A

Produce and use carbohydrates
Light energy in photosynthesis is converted to sugars
Heat is released

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4
Q

What happens in catabolic reactions?

A

Breaks the bonds between carbon, hydrogen and oxygen- exergonic
heat is released- this is where thermodynamics comes into play
Conversion is not 100% efficient

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5
Q

In redox reactions, what happens in Reduction?

A

gain of an electron(s) by a molecule

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6
Q

What happens during oxidation?

A

loss of an electron(s) by a molecule

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7
Q

What is the reduction of CO2 to form sugars and the oxidation of water

A

photosynthesis

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8
Q

_________ oxidizes oxygen to produce water and ________ is the waste product

A

Aerobic respiration and carbon dioxide

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9
Q

What stores a lot of energy?

A

Carbon to hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

What also stores a lot of energy?

A

Carbon to carbon bonds

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11
Q

What releases energy?

A

The breaking of the bonds

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12
Q

________serve as oxidizing agents, accepting a pair of electrons, along with one or more protons to switch to their reduced forms

A

Coenzymes

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13
Q

Explain the product NADPH

A

NADP+ accepts 2 electrons- and 1 H+ to becomes NADPH in oxygenic photosynthesis

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14
Q

What is NADPH?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

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15
Q

NAD+

A

is oxidized

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16
Q

NADH

A

is reduced

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17
Q

What is FAD?

A

the other coenzyme in cellular respiration

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18
Q

What does FAD stand for?

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

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19
Q

In Photosynthesis…

A

H is released to form water

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20
Q

During photosynthesis, water is split where?

A

Water is split in the chloroplast

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21
Q

What happens in Photosynthesis?

A

Water is split in the chloroplast
Then Hydrogen from water are used to make water in another part of the chloroplast
They need to be carried or else they would acidify in the chloroplast’s cytoplasm
Electron carrier
NADP- PICKS UP HYDROGEN ATOMS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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22
Q

In Respiration…

A

2 coenzymes that will pick up H atoms

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23
Q

In respiration, As sugars are being oxidized

A
  • H released from sugars
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24
Q

To keep the cytoplasm of the mitochondrion stable-

A

NADH AND FAD are the two electron carriers

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25
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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26
Q

What is ATP?

A

Energy currency for cells

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27
Q

ATP is ___stored; ____used

A

Briefly/quickly

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28
Q

Name of an energy nucleotide

A

ATP

29
Q

How is ATP. released?

A

Negative charges on PO4 releasing energy when these bonds are broken

30
Q

Any process that is active requires…

A

ATP

31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Organisms store ATP

A

False

32
Q

True or False: More ATP needs to be made and then consumed

A

True

33
Q

True of False: ATP requires O2

A

TRUE

34
Q

True or False: Without O2- ATP can continue to run?

A

FALSE

35
Q

The atom that accepts electrons in a redox reaction is the ________.

A

oxidizing agent

36
Q

Energy is stored in an AMP molecule through ________.

A

addition of phosphate groups

37
Q

During a process called photoact, ________ give up an electron as a part of the light-dependent reactions.

A

chlorophylls

38
Q

Photosynthesis occurs inside the ________ of plants.

A

chloroplast

39
Q

Part of the light-independent reactions is known as ________ because it converts inorganic carbon dioxide into organic carbohydrates.

A

FIXATION

40
Q

Chemiosmosis involves ________.

A

the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane

41
Q

The direct products from the citric acid cycle are ________.

A

temporary electron storage compounds

42
Q

During the second half of glycolysis, what occurs?
Responses

A

ATP is made

43
Q

At the end of ________ the starting glucose molecule has been oxidized.

A

pyruvate oxidation

44
Q

The process of ________ utilizes an organic molecule to regenerate NAD+ from NADH.

A

fermentation

45
Q

The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase generates ________ during fermentation.

A

alcohol

46
Q

What is the result from photosynthesis?

A

simple sugars

47
Q

The main purpose of the light-independent reactions is to ________.

A

build carbohydrates for long-term energy storage

48
Q

________ reactions of photosynthesis generate NADPH and ATP to carry solar energy.

A

Light dependent

49
Q

The energy from sunlight is absorbed by ________ inside photosynthetic organelles.

A

pigments

50
Q

What is removed from pyruvate during its conversion into an acetyl group?

A

carboxyl

51
Q

Lactic acid generated by fermentation in muscles ________.

A

Is sent to the liver for conversion back into pyruvic acid

52
Q

How is ATP produced?

A

Substrate- level Phosphorylation

53
Q

What is an example of Substrate- level Phosphorylation?

A

Glycolsisi

54
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Chemical reaction that does not need O2
“ To split sugars”
2 ATP Net are produced
Allows a yeast cell to survive without O2 for a few hours
Will keep producing alcohol until it dies in own alcohol

55
Q

Explain Substrate-level Phosphorylation

A

ATP is formed when an enzyme transfer a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

56
Q

What is Chemiosmosis?

A

movement of H across the membrane) and Oxidative Phosphorylation (the use of oxygen in the process as the acceptor across the membrane):

57
Q

______ 0f the ATP generated during glucose catabolism is derived from Chemiosmosis

A

90%

58
Q

Where for chemiosmosis occur?

A

Takes place in michondria with a eukaryotic cell or the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell.

59
Q

This process uses oxygen and from ATP generated during glucose catabolism is called

A

oxidative phosphorylation

60
Q

________ produces ________

A

Chemiosmosis/oxidative phosphorylation

61
Q

Explain the steps in chemiosmosis

A

1) Hydrogen atom accumulate in the space between the two membranes in the mitochondria
2)When it does 2 H + an O equals H2O
O is the acceptor of this process
When the H cross the membrane it generates ATP in the process

62
Q

What is Oxygenic Photosynthesis?

A

The energy of sunlight is captured and used to energize electrons, which are then stored in the covalent bonds of sugar molecules

63
Q

Oxygenic Photosynthesis power _______of Earth’s ecosystems

A

99%

64
Q

What is Anoxygenic Photosynthesis?

A

Forms sugars for organism that are prokaryotes

65
Q

What are two forms of Chemoautotrophic?

A

Anoxygenic Photosynthesis/ Photosynthesis

66
Q

Photoautotrophs including a) plants, b) algao, and c) cyanobacteria ( ancestral chloroplast) synthesize their organic compounds via _______ in a deep see vent, chemoautotrophs such as these thermophilic bacteria,______from inorganic compounds to produce organic compounds

A

photosynthesis/ capture energy

67
Q

Heterotrophs such as animals rely on ______ from autotrophs for their energy needs

A

the sugars

68
Q

Chemical Equation for Oxygenic Photosynthesis

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light –> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

69
Q

In most plants the sugar is _______unless it is fruit_____

A

sucrose or starch /glucose

Biology 101 (16 decks)

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