Unit 4- The Cell Flashcards
What is the function of a cell?
To carry out the basic functions/ properties of life
What is Abiogenesis?
The theory of the origin of life
Explain Abiogenesis
Early earth environment was lacking O2- the first living cells which formed would have been anaerobic as well
Atoms formed molecules
molecules for monomers
Monomers formed polymers
Polymers formed a cell- most likely a bacterium
What is the mechanism of Abinogeneis called?
Spontaneous generation
What is the primordial soup?
Assumes the habitat may have been a shoreline near an ocean
What is the hydrothermal Vent?
Assumes the habitat was near a volcanic vent
Volcanic area releasing black smoke
Who is the Father of Microbiology?
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Who coined the term “ cell” and why?
Robert Hooke - he was looking at a piece of cork and saw that the units looked like prison cells because he was looking at dead tissue. It was empty because there was no cytoplasm
What is the The Unified Cell Theory of Biology?
All living things are composed of 1 more cells, Cell is basic unit of life, New cells arise from preexisting cells (cells can reproduce), Cells contain DNA
What are the Basic Feature of All Cells?
1) Plasma membrane 2) Ribosomes 3) Cytoplasm 4) DNA
Features of Prokaryotic cell?
1) No nucleus 2) No membrane-bound organelles
Features of Eukaryotic cells?
1) Nucleus 2) Membrane-bound organelles
Features of Eukaryotic Cells: Animal CELLS?
Nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
Membrane-bound organelles
e.g. mitochondria, nucleus
Has a membrane of lipids around it
Much larger than prokaryotic cells
Features of Eukaryotic cells: Plant?
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Produces food through photosynthesis
Central vacuole
One holds water
Different shape than cells in the animal kingdom
What sets limits on cell size?
Metabolism
Why is Surface area to volume ratio of a cell is critical?
Diffusion would take longer the bigger a cell is
As surface area increases by a factor ___ volume increased by a factor of _____.
n^2/ n^3
True or False: Small cells have a greater surface area relative to volume
True
What is the primary reason for a cell to be small?
Transport nutrients and wastes into/out of the cell
Components of the plasma membrane.
1) Selective barrier
2) Phospholipid bilayer
Two layered structure
Give plasma membranes its plasma structure
Like motor oil- fluid, but has some resistance to flow
Fatty acids are in the middle
Phosphate groups are the circles
Various proteins
Transport proteins
To move things across the membrane
Enzymes
Attached on the outside surface of the plasma membrane
Steriods
Receptor proteins to take in hormones
Carbohydrates
Fluid-mosaic
Central to life
The production of ____ and _____ and the use of ______ all occurs within the cells through organelles
lipids/proteins/carbohydrates
What allows for eukaryotic organelles to become specialized
the nucleus
What controls all of the activities of the cell?
DNA
How does DNA control all of the activities of the cell?
Through the creation of proteins
In a eukaryotic cell, what is a a membrane bound organelle
The nucleus
The nuclear membrane is…
-Double layer
-Holes- pores
Not large enough for the DNA to get out
RNA is small enough to get out of the nucleus
What is the function of ribosomes?
To create proteins
What are ribosome made of?
Made up of nucleic acids- RNA and proteins
Where are ribosomes found?
Found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
What are the functions of the Endomembrane System?
regulates protein/lipis traffic
Perform metabolic functions
Components of the Endomembrane System?
Nuclear envelope/ nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Various vesicles and vacuoles
Plasma membrane
Which organelle in the cell is involved in digestion of foreign substances or worn out organelles (or a tadpole’s tail)?
Lysosome
What is the invagination hypothesis?
Cell membrane invaginates and forms a membrane around DNA
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum ?
Attached to the nucleus and used in making proteins and lipids
What is the function of the rough ER?
shaped like a sac
Has ribosomes on its surface
produces proteins
Usually closest to the nucleus
What is the function of the smooth ER?
Shape of a tube like a straw
Where lipids are produced as directed by theDNA within the nucleus of the cell
What are the cisternae?
Stacked and flattened membranous sacs of the golgi apparatus
What does the cisternae do?
Modified products of the ER
Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
Function of the golgi apparatus?
Warehouse of the cell
What is the Cis face?
the receiving end of the golgi apparatus
What is the trans face?
The shipping side of the golgi apparatus
Which organelles are in animal cells only?
Lysosomes
Which organelle has a low pH (acidic- around 5)
the lysosome
Lysosomes contain…
digestive enzymes
What is the function of the lysosome?
Break down/recycle food, bacteria & old cell parts
What is autophagy?
digests cellular organelle
What is apoptosis?
programmed cell death
Function of the cental vacuole in plants?
Lysol of a plant cell
Main activity is to store water
What can take up 90% of the plant cell’s interior
The central vacuole
What is the function of Peroxisomes?
detoxify and Breaks down lipids
Who invented the Endosymbiotic theorgy?
Lynn Marguilis, 1981
What is the Endosymbiotic theory?
One cells consume another, doesn’t digest it, the cell that is consumed takes on a function inside of its host
Which organelles has it’s own DNA and ribsomes?
The mitochondrion
What is the function of the mitochondrion?
It is the powerhouse of the cell. It is in cellular respiration
How does the mitochondrion produce ATP?
Sugars and O2, CO2 and water are formed plus ATP and heat
Energy conversion process that breaks down energy molecules in carbohydrates and creates needed energy
Allow for enough energy to be produced so that multicellular/complex organisms could develop
What is oxidative metabolism?
It is the CARBOHYDRATE PROCESSING of the mitochondria. Mitochondria use carboyhydrate as fuel for enegry production
What are plastids?
double-membrane organelles which are found in the cells of plants and algae. They are responsible for storing food
What is the function of chromoplasts?
plastids responsible for pigment
Etioplast
the plastids that form when leaves and other organs grow in darkness
Protoplastic
A cell of a plant, fungus, bacterium, or archaeon from which the cell wall has been removed, leaving the protoplasm and plasma membrane.
Chloroplasts
photosynthesis takes place.
leucoplast
used for the storage of starch or oil.
amyloplas
type of leucoplast used for the storage of starch or oil.
elaioplast
plastids that specialize in oil synthesis and storage
proteinplast
protein synthesis
Are plastids one type of organelle?
No. They are variable organelles in plants
Which organelle is responsible for carbohydrate processing in plants?
The chloroplast
True or False: The cystoskeleton is better developed in animals because they lack a cell wall?
True
What makes up the cell’s cystoskeleton?
Protein fibers in cytoplasm
What is the cytoskelton responsible for?
Shape/ movement/ reproduction
Which organelle is the primary site for aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells?
Mitchondria
What is responsible for flagella “whipping” movement?
Microtubules
Structure of a microtubule?
Microtubules are hollow rods
Made of tublin
Tubulin forms a hollow rod or cynlinders
What allows for the separation of chromosomes into daughter cells?
Microtubule
What are the proteins involved in microtubule movement?
Actin and myosin
What is responsible for amoeboid movement?
microtubule
What is Cyclosis?
Streaming of cytoplasm. Cytoplasm circulates inside the cell membrane and can move to adjacent cells
Cell wall of fungi is made of
Chitin
What is Chitin?
Indigestible polysaccharides- the wall the glucose molecules are bonded together
What is the cell wall in Bacteria made of?
peptidoglycans
What is the cell wall in plants made of?
cellulose
What is lignin?
Complex polymers that creates rigidity to trees and bark
What is the term for when the cell membrane has pulled away from the cell wall
PLASMOLYSIS
A vacuole will________ when the plant loses water
shrink
What are Plasmodesmata?
Holes in the cell wall that performate plane cell walls
What allows for Allow for cyclosis to occur
Plasmodesmata
Mitochondria are divided into functional areas known as ________.
cristae and mitochondrial matrix
Lysosomes function as part of the endomembrane system involved in ________.
pathogen destruction
The cytosol outside a vesicle ________ the fluid vesicle interior.
may be very different from
________ are composed of protein and RNA.
Ribosomes
________ is a major component of the cytoplasm in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Cystosol
The ________ is an low energy way for a plant cell to expand.
central vacuole
________ are composed of fibrous filaments.
Intermediate filaments
In animal cells, the centrosome is the ________ organizing center.
microtubule
Which units of the cytoskeleton are composed of actin?
microfilaments
________ prevent fluid from leaking between adjacent cells.
Tight junctions
________ are membrane-bound sacs with a variety of functions in cells.
Vesciles
Which cytoskeletal element does not play a role in intracellular movement?
Intermediate filaments
________ are always formed of ________ in a 9+2 array.
Flagella and cilia; microtubules
Microfilaments function mainly in ________.
cellular movement
________ are created by cadherins connected to intermediate filaments.
Desosomes
Plants contain specialized peroxisomes known as ________ that convert stored fats into sugars.
glyoxysomes
Which plasma membrane component can be either found on the surface or embedded in the plasma membrane itself?
proteins
Animal cells signal to adjacent cells using a ________.
Gap junctions
In the mitochondrion, the inner layer folds are called _______
the cristae
In the mitcondrion, the area surrounded by the folds is called the
mitochondrial matrix
