Molecular Genetics

Question 1

Explain Chromosome Organization

Answer 1

During most of cell life, chromosome consists of 1 DNA strand
When cell prepares to divide, chromosomes duplicate so that offspring get a full ser
Each duplicated chrome has 2 dna STRANDS ( SISTER CHROMATIDS) ATTACHED TO ONE ANOTHER AT THE CENTROMERE
Centromere is where the chromatids are held together when the chromatids copy themselves

Question 2

Explain Chromosome Structure

Answer 2

A duplicated, condensed chromosome consistes of 2 long filamentent with an X shape
Each filament cosnsits of a coil of DNA, wrapped around spools of proteins called histones
Each DNA- histone spool is a nucleosome, smalled united of chromosomal organiza in eukaryotes
DNA molecule consists of 2 stranded of twisted into a double helix

Question 3

Who discovered DNA?

Answer 3

John Miescher

Question 4

What did Miescher call DNA

Answer 4

nuclein

Question 5

Who worked with mermaid wine goblets and what did he conclude?

Answer 5

Joachim Hammerling’s/ Hammerling showed that the nucleus controlled the traits for an organism

Question 6

What did Avery and McCarty conclude?

Answer 6

DNA is the transforming principle

Question 7

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase concluded

Answer 7

DNA, not protein, is the material that stores hereditary information

Question 8

What were Cricks, Watson, and Franklin able to conclude?

Answer 8

Double helix
Hydrogen bonds- maintain shape
A-T 2 H BONDS
G-C 3 Hydrogen bonds
Two strands run in opposite directions
T with one ring always bonds with Adenine with 2

Question 9

Which are pyrimidines?

Answer 9

thymine and cytosine

Question 10

Which are purines?

Answer 10

adenine and guanine

Question 11

Explain the DNA strands

Answer 11

5:3 direction- one strand
Carbon 5 is not in the pentagon
Bonds to the phosphate groups PO4
Other strand runes 3:5 direction
Sugar molecule is upside down
This one runes 3-5
Number 5 is still attached to the P04 group
Numbers reference to the carbon number of the sugars ( deoxyribose)
1-5 represents the number of carbon atoms in that sugar
Orientation effects how they are replicated!
Po4, Sugar, Base= nucleotide

DNA polymerase only attaches to the bases of DNA on the end

Question 12

Which strand replicates in continuous manner?

Answer 12

3-5’ strand is replicated in a continuous manner

Question 13

Which strand has to replicate in fragments?

Answer 13

5-3 strand

Question 14

What are these fragments called?

Answer 14

Okazaki fragments

Question 15

_________converts information in a gene to RNA

Answer 15

Transcription

Question 16

__________ converts information in an mRNA to protein

Answer 16

Translation

Question 17

True or False: Transcription produces differen kinds of RNA

Answer 17

True

Question 18

mRNA

Answer 18

coNTAINS INFORMATION TRANSCRIBED FROM DNA
Will produce the protein

Question 19

rRNA

Answer 19

Main component of ribosomes, where polypeptide chains are builts
Will be produced when ribosomes are worn out
Protein that will bond with RNA to make ribosome
Comprised of Proteins and RNA itself

Question 20

tRNA

Answer 20

Delivers amino acids to ribosomes
Produced when carrier molecules are needed for translation
Read in 3 letter sequences called Codons
These codons specify for amino acids
Anticodons will pick up the right amino acids and carry it to the mRNA

Question 21

MicroRNA

Answer 21

Gene regulation

Question 22

What are the 3 Step Process of Transcription?

Answer 22

RNA polymerase II attached to a promoter ( a specific binding site in DNA close to the start of a gene)- initiation ( TATA box)
Indicator of where the gene will begin after that
RNA polymerase moves over the gene in a 5’ to 3’ direction, unwinds the DNA helix, reads the base sequence, and joins free RNA nucleotides into a complementary strand of mRNA elongation
Only reads one strand- 3’ to 5’
Sense strand is read to make RNA polymerase
Termination= transcription stops