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Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Which surface area to volume ratio. would be most efficient for a cell in terms of diffusion in/out of the cell

A

6:1

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2
Q

What is the correct order of rate of diffusion?

A

Gas->Liquid-> Solid

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3
Q

Cystic fibrosis is the over production of fatty mucus that accumulates in the lungs and it can cause respiratory problems Which organelle is involved in the production of this fatty mucus?

A

Smooth ER

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4
Q

What is the term for “cell drinking”

A

Pinocytosis

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5
Q

What is the term for “cell eating?

A

Phagocytosis

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6
Q

True or False: Water is a universal solute

A

False- water is a universal solvent

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7
Q

What substance will not freely diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer f the cell membrane?

A

Glucose, C6H12O6

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8
Q

True or False: When an equilibrium states has been reached inside and outside of the cell, molecules will continue moving even when they are dispersed equally in both solutions

A

True

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9
Q

What will happen to the volume of a cell that is placed into a hypotonic solution?

A

It will expand in volume

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10
Q

What will happen to the volume of a cell that is placed into a hypertonic solution?

A

It will shrink in volume

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11
Q

Which form of transport of molecules into or out of a cell does not require ATP Energy

A

Facilitated Transport

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12
Q

What is the name of the accepted model that explains the structure of cell membranes?

A

The Fluid-Mosaic Model

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13
Q

Which organelle is not found in a plant cell?

A

Lysosome

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14
Q

Which type of plastic in plants is found in flower petals and fruit walls to attract pollinators and seed dispersers?

A

Chromoplast

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15
Q

Which group of organic molecules are the chloroplast and mitochondrion primarily involved with producing and consuming?

A

Carbohydrates

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16
Q

Phospholipids are termed ____ because they have a polar phosphate group and non-polar fatty acids

A

Amphipathic

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17
Q

Which term applies to specific movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane toward a high concentration of solutes

A

Osmosis

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18
Q

Which portion of the cytoskeleton is involved in forming the Spindle Apparatus during cell division in eukaryotes

A

Microtubules

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19
Q

Which organelle is the control center of eukaryotic cells?

A

The nucleus

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20
Q

Which scientist from the 1600s invented a light microscope and is considered the father of microbiology

A

Antonie Leeuwenhoek

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21
Q

Which organelle is the powerhouse, the primary site for aerobic or cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells?

A

Mitochondrion

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22
Q

What plastid type in plants stores starch

A

Amyloplast

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23
Q

Which theory best explains presence of chloroplast and mitochondria in eukaryotic cells

A

Endosymbiosis

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24
Q

What term describes two solutions with the same tonicity?

A

Isotonic

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25
Q

What is the name of the complex carbohydrates that is the primary component of the plant cell wall?

A

Cellulose

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26
Q

In active transport, __________ are carrier proteins that move two substances in the same direction, while _____ are carrier proteins that move two substances in opposite directions

A

Symporters/Antiporters

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27
Q

Which organelle in the cell is involved in digestion of foreign substances or worn out organelles?

A

Lysosome

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28
Q

The collapse of the cell membrane from the cell wall in a plant cell due to large water loss from the central vacuole is called_______

A

Plasmolysis

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29
Q

What is the cell type of the archaea and bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic

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30
Q

The bulk movement of molecules into a cell via receptor proteins and clathrin coated pits that form a vesicle called?

A

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

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31
Q

Which “ warehouse” organelle in animal and plant cells distributes/packages lipids and proteins for their removal from the cell?

A

The Golgi Apparatus

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32
Q

Which organelle is the site of protein synthesis in all types of cells?

A

Ribsomes

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33
Q

All cells contain certain basic structures- which one of these is not found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

The nucleus

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34
Q

True or False: Both cilia and flagella function in movement of gametes so that sexual reproduction can occur

A

False

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35
Q

What is the name of the largest organelle in a plant cell?

A

The central vacuole

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36
Q

Which scientists from the 1600s is credited with first using the term “ cell” in biology?

A

Robert Hooke

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37
Q

Of the two types of transporter proteins,________ proteins are always open, while _________ proteins require the molecule or ion to bind to it.

A

Channel/ Carrier

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38
Q

What are the openings or pores in the primary cell wall of plants?

A

Plasmodesmata

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39
Q

True or False: Water always flows passively from a hypertonic solution toward a hypotonic solution.

A

False

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40
Q

Which organelle in the eukaryotic cell detoxifies H2O2 and alcohol, whole also breaking down lipids?

A

Peroxisome

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41
Q

Which type of transport does not require active energy?

A

Osmosis

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42
Q

Which portion of the cytoskeleton is involved in muscle contraction and the contractile ring in animal cell division?

A

Microfilaments

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43
Q

The streaming of cytoplasm within a cell due to actin-myosin microfilaments is called?

A

Cyclosis

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44
Q

What hypothesis is used to explain the formation of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?

A

Invagination

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45
Q

Which organelle is not a part of the endomembrane system?

A

The mitochondrion

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46
Q

Which organelle is the primary site for photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells?

A

Chloroplast

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47
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

1) All living organisms are comprised of one or more cells
2) The basic unit of life is the cell
3) All cells are derived from pre-existing cells

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48
Q

True or False: Both diffusion and osmosis are passive, spontaneous processes in which molecules ( or water) move from an area of low to an area of high concentration

A

False

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49
Q

______ energy is the “ energy hill” that must be overcome before a chemical reaction will proceed?

A

Activation

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50
Q

What class of lipids are the most important structural components of cell membranes

A

Phospholipids

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51
Q

___________fatty acids have one or more C=C bonds in the hydrocarbon chain, whereas fatty acids that are _____ have no C=C bonds

A

Unsaturated/ Saturated

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52
Q

____________ is the ability of one atom to pull electrons toward itself and away from a different atom (eg how oxygen pulls an electron from hydrogen towards its nucleaus in forming water)

A

Electronegativity

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53
Q

Which ion does pH measure the concentration of in a solution?

A

H+

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54
Q

There are two main cell types in living organisms _____________ that lack a nucleus and ____________ possess a nucleum

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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55
Q

What is the class of lipids called that are typically stored as energy reserves in animals and plants

A

Triglycerides

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56
Q

True or False: The average pH of coffee is 5.3, therefore, coffee is basic

A

False

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57
Q

Negatrons are ions with a negative charge (CI-) while positrons are ions with a positive change ( Na+)

A

False

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58
Q

Which subatomic particles are involved in the formation of chemical bonds?

A

Electrons

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59
Q

A substance that is ________ & ______________will dissolve in water

A

Polar and Hydrophilic

60
Q

What type of chemical bond is formed by the direct electron transfer from one atom to another

A

Ionic

61
Q

The region on an enzyme where a chemical reaction occurs is called the

A

Active site

62
Q

_______ is the separation of partial positive and negative charges in a molecule such as water

A

Polarity

63
Q

Isotopes are different forms of an element with different numbers of _____ but the same number of ____ in there core region or nucleus.

A

Neutrons/ Protons

64
Q

A _______, __________ bond is formed from the equal sharing of one or more pairs of electrons.

A

Nonpolar, covelant

65
Q

What group of lipids includes those molecules that determine gender in animals?

A

Steriods

66
Q

What structural material in plant cell walls is a complex carbohydrate called fiber in our diet?

A

Cellulose

67
Q

What is the ability of living organisms to respond and change in regard to their environment called?

A

Adaptation

68
Q

The smallest unit of organizatio that has the properties of characteristics of life is called a(n):

A

Atom

69
Q

What term is given to the theoretical space in which electrons travel around the nucleus of an atom?

A

Orbitals

70
Q

_______ was the Russian Chemist that constructed the first Period Table, while ___ was the Danish Physicist who developed Electron Shell Models?

A

Dmitri Mendeleev/ Niels Bohr

71
Q

Which structure is not required in the formation of a cell?

A

Nucleus

72
Q

Which characteristic of life is defined as irreversible increase in size or number?

A

Reproduction

73
Q

-CH3 is the formula for a ________ functional group, while -OH is a(n) ________group NH2 is a(n) group.

A

Methyl/Hydroxyl

74
Q

The two functional groups found in amino acids are COOH, a(n) ______ group an NH2, a(n)______ group

A

Carboyxl/Amino

75
Q

What term is used for a protein that loses its three dimensional structural shape?

A

Denaturation

76
Q

What is the name of the attraction that sticks water molecules together or forms the double helix of DNA

A

Hydrogen bonds

77
Q

Which is the corect order from smallest to largest in terms of organization of matter?

A

Atom->molecule-> cell

78
Q

Which characteristics of life states that a living organism must be able to acquire, store, and use energy through a variety of chemical reactions?

A

Metabolism

79
Q

What is the building block (subunit) of such complex carbohydrates as glycogen, starch, and chitin?

A

Glucose

80
Q

True or False: Enzymes are called catalysts because they increase the rate of a chemical reaction/

A

True

81
Q

A _______, _________ bond is formed from the unequal sharing of one or more pairs of electrons.

A

Polar, covalent

82
Q

What is the basic subunit ( building block) of a protein called?

A

Amino acid

83
Q

All living organisms are classified and identified as a species by rules in a branch of science called:

A

Taxonomy

84
Q

There are a number of scientific studies that have examined how moderate consumption of red wine might decrease cardiovascular diseases like heart attack and strike. Of these variables, ___ is the independent variable and _______ is the dependent variable

A

Red wine/ cardiovascular diease

85
Q

Octet electrons are through found in the outermost orbitals of an atom

A

True

86
Q

A substance that is _________ & ___________will not disolve in water

A

Nonpolar & Hydrophobic

87
Q

How many electrons are required to satisfy the octet rule?

A

8

88
Q

Phospholipids are considered to be _________ because they have two nonpolar fatty acids attached to a polar head group

A

Amphipathic

89
Q

What is the name of the bond formed between two amino acids via dehydration reaction

A

Peptide bond

90
Q

What is the ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions via physiological processes?

A

Homeostasis

91
Q

The building blocks (subunits) of a large complex like polysaccharides or polypeptides are called

A

Monomers

92
Q

What would be the atomic mass of 1 atom of carbon ( 6 electrons, 6 neutrons, 6 protons)

A

12 amu

93
Q

True or false: Another name that you can give to a hydrogen ion, H+, is a proton

A

True

94
Q

In a solution, an acid releases___________, while a base releases __________.

A

Hydrogen ions, Hydroxide ions

95
Q

How many valence electrons does Carbon have in its outermost oribtal?

A

4

96
Q

Cellular respiration is a (n) _________ chemical reaction since it breaks down sugars into CO2, while photosynthesis is a (n) chemical reaction that constructs sugars from CO2

A

Catabolic/ anabolic

97
Q

True or False: Energy conversions are not 100% efficient is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics

A

True

98
Q

What is not a primary function of proteins?

A

Providing energy

99
Q

The building blocks of chromosomes are called ________; they are composed of DNA wrapped around ______.

A

Nucleosomes/ Histone proteins

100
Q

The most common, neutral form of the element Hydrogen( H) has this number of protons and electrons

A

1 electron and 1 proton

101
Q

_____- is the reactant molecule in aerobic or cellular respiration that is oxidized while ______ is the reactant that is reduced during the chemical reaction

A

C6H1206/602

102
Q

________ is the stage in the cell cycle of either meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers.

A

Prometaphase

103
Q

True or False: It takes 48 photons of light energy to produce one glucose molecule in photosynthesis

A

True

104
Q

What coenzyme molecules is formed during both types of fermentation that is used to continue glycolysis?

A

NAD+

105
Q

Cellular respirations is a(n) _______ chemical reaction since it breaks down glucose into CO2, while photosynthesis is a(n) __________ chemical reaction since it uses CO2 to build glucose.

A

Catabolic/Anabolic

106
Q

During cytokinesis in plant cells, a(n) ________ forms, while a(n)________ forms in animal cells to form two daughter cells.

A

Cell plate/ contractile ring

107
Q

In the animal kingdom meiosis forms gametes, while gametes are formed by mitosis in the plant kingdom

A

True

108
Q

_______ is formed by yeast cells that undergo fermentation of plant sugars, while ____ is formed by bacteria that ferment milk sugars in yogurt

A

Ethanol/Lactic Acid

109
Q

The formation of ATP by the movement of H+ ions across a membrane is called ______ phosphorylation

A

Oxidative

110
Q

All four sperm formed by meiosis survive while only one of the egg (ova) survive in both the animal and plant kingdoms

A

True

111
Q

Which compartment of the mitochondrion is the site of the Kreb’s Cycle?

A

Matrix

112
Q

What does oxygen (1/2 O2) bond with at the end of Electron Transport Chain of aerobic or cellular respiration?

A

2H+ to form H20

113
Q

______ IS THE ACRONYM OF THE PRIMARY ELECTRON CARRIER THAT ACCEPTS H+ and e- during cellular respiration_______

A

NAD/NADP

114
Q

In which phase of meiosis does the chromosome level drop from diploid to haploid and what happens to cause the chromosome level to be reduced by one-half?

A

Anaphase I/ homologous chromosomes separate

115
Q

_______ is the gain of hydrogen atoms or electrons or both by a molecule, while _______ is the loss of H+ or e- by a molecules; these are often coupled in chemical reactions

A

Reduction/oxidation

116
Q

How many molecules of ATP are most commonly formed from the complete oxidation of glucose during aerobic respiration in animal and plant cells?

A

30-32

117
Q

Fusion of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I is called ______; it forms a _______ of sister chromatids.

A

Synapsis/ Tetrad

118
Q

What are clusters of several undred pigment molecules in the thylakoid membranes called?

A

Photosystems

119
Q

Another name for an H+ ion is a positron?

A

False

120
Q

Mitosis is the division of this organelle__________ while cytokineses is division of this gelatinous fluid_____

A

Nucleus/cytoplasm

121
Q

What is the first molecule formed in the Kreb’s Cycle when Acetyl Co-A bonds to Oxaloacetate

A

Citric Acid

122
Q

The ______is a structure that chromosomes attached to travel on and separare into aughter cells dueing cell division; this structure is composed of proteins that are called_______

A

Spindle Apparatus/ Microtubules

123
Q

Which reaction is not a part of aerobic or cellular respiration?

A

Calvin Cycle

124
Q

________ are yellow-orange accessory pigments in the chloroplast, while the green pigments are called_______.

A

Carotenoids/ Chlorophylls

125
Q

What is the name of the gene that when mutated can cause cancerous growth through unchecked mitosis?

A

P53

126
Q

What is the movement of H+ ions across a membrane that will result in ATP production called?

A

Chemiosmosis

127
Q

What is the end product of the linear pathway called glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

128
Q

Visible light energy from the sun can simultaneously travel as both a particle and a wave

A

True

129
Q

What is the name of the three carbon sugar molecule that is released from every three cycles of the Calvin Cycle?

A

G3P

130
Q

Purple light ( 380 nm) contains less energy per wave than foes red light (700nm) since purple light has a longer wavelength

A

False

131
Q

A diploid germ cell in a Boston Terrier that contains 38 chromosomes must divide by meiosis to form

A

4 cells that are haploid with 19 chromosomes

132
Q

Chemical reactions that are _____ end with a net release of free energy, while _____ reactions end with a net storage of free energy

A

Exergonic/Endergonic

133
Q

What is the most common type of enzyme regulation in living organisms

A

Feedback inhibition

134
Q

Exchange of portions of chromatids ( and their associated genes) by fused homologous chromosomes is called _________; it occurs during ________ of meiosis.

A

Crossing over/ Prophase I

135
Q

________IS THE ENZYME THAT FIXES ( BONDS) co2 INTO THE CALVIN CYCLE during photosynthesis?

A

RUBISCO

136
Q

What is not a means of randomly introducing genetic variation in populations of organisms through meiosis and sexual reproduction?

A

Random mating events of male and female

137
Q

Mitosis forms 2 genetically different daughter cells, while meiosis forms 4 genetically identical daughter cells

A

False

138
Q

The _______ is the compartment of the mitochondrion where ETC occurs.

A

Inner Membrane

139
Q

Which compartment of the chloroplast is the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

A

Stroma

140
Q

________ is the reactant molecule in photosynthesis that is reduced while ____ is the reactant that is oxidized during the chemical reaction

A

6CO2/6H2O

141
Q

Plant leaves are green in the summer primarily because they are absorbing green wavelengths of visible light

A

False

142
Q

What is the name of the transport process by whihc CO2 and H20 molecules enter plant tissues from the air and soil, respectively, so photosynthesis can occur.

A

Diffusion

143
Q

The name of the cytoplasm of a mitochondrion is ______, while the cytoplasm of a chloroplast is called_________

A

Mitoplasm/ Chloroplasm

144
Q

What is the class of proteins called that are positive regulators of the checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

Cyclins

145
Q

What is the first stable molecule formed with C02 enters the Calvin Cycle ( it contains three carbon atoms)?

A

G3P

146
Q

Fermentation occurs within the mitochondrion of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

False

147
Q

A diploid kidney cell in a Domestic Horse that contains 64 chromosomes divides by mitosis to form

A

2 cells that are diploid with 64 chromosomes

Biology 101 (16 decks)

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