Final Exam Flashcards
Which surface area to volume ratio. would be most efficient for a cell in terms of diffusion in/out of the cell
6:1
What is the correct order of rate of diffusion?
Gas->Liquid-> Solid
Cystic fibrosis is the over production of fatty mucus that accumulates in the lungs and it can cause respiratory problems Which organelle is involved in the production of this fatty mucus?
Smooth ER
What is the term for “cell drinking”
Pinocytosis
What is the term for “cell eating?
Phagocytosis
True or False: Water is a universal solute
False- water is a universal solvent
What substance will not freely diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer f the cell membrane?
Glucose, C6H12O6
True or False: When an equilibrium states has been reached inside and outside of the cell, molecules will continue moving even when they are dispersed equally in both solutions
True
What will happen to the volume of a cell that is placed into a hypotonic solution?
It will expand in volume
What will happen to the volume of a cell that is placed into a hypertonic solution?
It will shrink in volume
Which form of transport of molecules into or out of a cell does not require ATP Energy
Facilitated Transport
What is the name of the accepted model that explains the structure of cell membranes?
The Fluid-Mosaic Model
Which organelle is not found in a plant cell?
Lysosome
Which type of plastic in plants is found in flower petals and fruit walls to attract pollinators and seed dispersers?
Chromoplast
Which group of organic molecules are the chloroplast and mitochondrion primarily involved with producing and consuming?
Carbohydrates
Phospholipids are termed ____ because they have a polar phosphate group and non-polar fatty acids
Amphipathic
Which term applies to specific movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane toward a high concentration of solutes
Osmosis
Which portion of the cytoskeleton is involved in forming the Spindle Apparatus during cell division in eukaryotes
Microtubules
Which organelle is the control center of eukaryotic cells?
The nucleus
Which scientist from the 1600s invented a light microscope and is considered the father of microbiology
Antonie Leeuwenhoek
Which organelle is the powerhouse, the primary site for aerobic or cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondrion
What plastid type in plants stores starch
Amyloplast
Which theory best explains presence of chloroplast and mitochondria in eukaryotic cells
Endosymbiosis
What term describes two solutions with the same tonicity?
Isotonic
What is the name of the complex carbohydrates that is the primary component of the plant cell wall?
Cellulose
In active transport, __________ are carrier proteins that move two substances in the same direction, while _____ are carrier proteins that move two substances in opposite directions
Symporters/Antiporters
Which organelle in the cell is involved in digestion of foreign substances or worn out organelles?
Lysosome
The collapse of the cell membrane from the cell wall in a plant cell due to large water loss from the central vacuole is called_______
Plasmolysis
What is the cell type of the archaea and bacteria?
Prokaryotic
The bulk movement of molecules into a cell via receptor proteins and clathrin coated pits that form a vesicle called?
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
Which “ warehouse” organelle in animal and plant cells distributes/packages lipids and proteins for their removal from the cell?
The Golgi Apparatus
Which organelle is the site of protein synthesis in all types of cells?
Ribsomes
All cells contain certain basic structures- which one of these is not found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
The nucleus
True or False: Both cilia and flagella function in movement of gametes so that sexual reproduction can occur
False
What is the name of the largest organelle in a plant cell?
The central vacuole
Which scientists from the 1600s is credited with first using the term “ cell” in biology?
Robert Hooke
Of the two types of transporter proteins,________ proteins are always open, while _________ proteins require the molecule or ion to bind to it.
Channel/ Carrier
What are the openings or pores in the primary cell wall of plants?
Plasmodesmata
True or False: Water always flows passively from a hypertonic solution toward a hypotonic solution.
False
Which organelle in the eukaryotic cell detoxifies H2O2 and alcohol, whole also breaking down lipids?
Peroxisome
Which type of transport does not require active energy?
Osmosis
Which portion of the cytoskeleton is involved in muscle contraction and the contractile ring in animal cell division?
Microfilaments
The streaming of cytoplasm within a cell due to actin-myosin microfilaments is called?
Cyclosis
What hypothesis is used to explain the formation of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?
Invagination
Which organelle is not a part of the endomembrane system?
The mitochondrion
Which organelle is the primary site for photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells?
Chloroplast
What is the cell theory?
1) All living organisms are comprised of one or more cells
2) The basic unit of life is the cell
3) All cells are derived from pre-existing cells
True or False: Both diffusion and osmosis are passive, spontaneous processes in which molecules ( or water) move from an area of low to an area of high concentration
False
______ energy is the “ energy hill” that must be overcome before a chemical reaction will proceed?
Activation
What class of lipids are the most important structural components of cell membranes
Phospholipids
___________fatty acids have one or more C=C bonds in the hydrocarbon chain, whereas fatty acids that are _____ have no C=C bonds
Unsaturated/ Saturated
____________ is the ability of one atom to pull electrons toward itself and away from a different atom (eg how oxygen pulls an electron from hydrogen towards its nucleaus in forming water)
Electronegativity
Which ion does pH measure the concentration of in a solution?
H+
There are two main cell types in living organisms _____________ that lack a nucleus and ____________ possess a nucleum
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
What is the class of lipids called that are typically stored as energy reserves in animals and plants
Triglycerides
True or False: The average pH of coffee is 5.3, therefore, coffee is basic
False
Negatrons are ions with a negative charge (CI-) while positrons are ions with a positive change ( Na+)
False
Which subatomic particles are involved in the formation of chemical bonds?
Electrons
A substance that is ________ & ______________will dissolve in water
Polar and Hydrophilic
What type of chemical bond is formed by the direct electron transfer from one atom to another
Ionic
The region on an enzyme where a chemical reaction occurs is called the
Active site
_______ is the separation of partial positive and negative charges in a molecule such as water
Polarity
Isotopes are different forms of an element with different numbers of _____ but the same number of ____ in there core region or nucleus.
Neutrons/ Protons
A _______, __________ bond is formed from the equal sharing of one or more pairs of electrons.
Nonpolar, covelant
What group of lipids includes those molecules that determine gender in animals?
Steriods
What structural material in plant cell walls is a complex carbohydrate called fiber in our diet?
Cellulose
What is the ability of living organisms to respond and change in regard to their environment called?
Adaptation
The smallest unit of organizatio that has the properties of characteristics of life is called a(n):
Atom
What term is given to the theoretical space in which electrons travel around the nucleus of an atom?
Orbitals
_______ was the Russian Chemist that constructed the first Period Table, while ___ was the Danish Physicist who developed Electron Shell Models?
Dmitri Mendeleev/ Niels Bohr
Which structure is not required in the formation of a cell?
Nucleus
Which characteristic of life is defined as irreversible increase in size or number?
Reproduction
-CH3 is the formula for a ________ functional group, while -OH is a(n) ________group NH2 is a(n) group.
Methyl/Hydroxyl
The two functional groups found in amino acids are COOH, a(n) ______ group an NH2, a(n)______ group
Carboyxl/Amino
What term is used for a protein that loses its three dimensional structural shape?
Denaturation
What is the name of the attraction that sticks water molecules together or forms the double helix of DNA
Hydrogen bonds
Which is the corect order from smallest to largest in terms of organization of matter?
Atom->molecule-> cell
Which characteristics of life states that a living organism must be able to acquire, store, and use energy through a variety of chemical reactions?
Metabolism
What is the building block (subunit) of such complex carbohydrates as glycogen, starch, and chitin?
Glucose
True or False: Enzymes are called catalysts because they increase the rate of a chemical reaction/
True
A _______, _________ bond is formed from the unequal sharing of one or more pairs of electrons.
Polar, covalent
What is the basic subunit ( building block) of a protein called?
Amino acid
All living organisms are classified and identified as a species by rules in a branch of science called:
Taxonomy
There are a number of scientific studies that have examined how moderate consumption of red wine might decrease cardiovascular diseases like heart attack and strike. Of these variables, ___ is the independent variable and _______ is the dependent variable
Red wine/ cardiovascular diease
Octet electrons are through found in the outermost orbitals of an atom
True
A substance that is _________ & ___________will not disolve in water
Nonpolar & Hydrophobic
How many electrons are required to satisfy the octet rule?
8
Phospholipids are considered to be _________ because they have two nonpolar fatty acids attached to a polar head group
Amphipathic
What is the name of the bond formed between two amino acids via dehydration reaction
Peptide bond
What is the ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions via physiological processes?
Homeostasis
The building blocks (subunits) of a large complex like polysaccharides or polypeptides are called
Monomers
What would be the atomic mass of 1 atom of carbon ( 6 electrons, 6 neutrons, 6 protons)
12 amu
True or false: Another name that you can give to a hydrogen ion, H+, is a proton
True
In a solution, an acid releases___________, while a base releases __________.
Hydrogen ions, Hydroxide ions
How many valence electrons does Carbon have in its outermost oribtal?
4
Cellular respiration is a (n) _________ chemical reaction since it breaks down sugars into CO2, while photosynthesis is a (n) chemical reaction that constructs sugars from CO2
Catabolic/ anabolic
True or False: Energy conversions are not 100% efficient is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics
True
What is not a primary function of proteins?
Providing energy
The building blocks of chromosomes are called ________; they are composed of DNA wrapped around ______.
Nucleosomes/ Histone proteins
The most common, neutral form of the element Hydrogen( H) has this number of protons and electrons
1 electron and 1 proton
_____- is the reactant molecule in aerobic or cellular respiration that is oxidized while ______ is the reactant that is reduced during the chemical reaction
C6H1206/602
________ is the stage in the cell cycle of either meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers.
Prometaphase
True or False: It takes 48 photons of light energy to produce one glucose molecule in photosynthesis
True
What coenzyme molecules is formed during both types of fermentation that is used to continue glycolysis?
NAD+
Cellular respirations is a(n) _______ chemical reaction since it breaks down glucose into CO2, while photosynthesis is a(n) __________ chemical reaction since it uses CO2 to build glucose.
Catabolic/Anabolic
During cytokinesis in plant cells, a(n) ________ forms, while a(n)________ forms in animal cells to form two daughter cells.
Cell plate/ contractile ring
In the animal kingdom meiosis forms gametes, while gametes are formed by mitosis in the plant kingdom
True
_______ is formed by yeast cells that undergo fermentation of plant sugars, while ____ is formed by bacteria that ferment milk sugars in yogurt
Ethanol/Lactic Acid
The formation of ATP by the movement of H+ ions across a membrane is called ______ phosphorylation
Oxidative
All four sperm formed by meiosis survive while only one of the egg (ova) survive in both the animal and plant kingdoms
True
Which compartment of the mitochondrion is the site of the Kreb’s Cycle?
Matrix
What does oxygen (1/2 O2) bond with at the end of Electron Transport Chain of aerobic or cellular respiration?
2H+ to form H20
______ IS THE ACRONYM OF THE PRIMARY ELECTRON CARRIER THAT ACCEPTS H+ and e- during cellular respiration_______
NAD/NADP
In which phase of meiosis does the chromosome level drop from diploid to haploid and what happens to cause the chromosome level to be reduced by one-half?
Anaphase I/ homologous chromosomes separate
_______ is the gain of hydrogen atoms or electrons or both by a molecule, while _______ is the loss of H+ or e- by a molecules; these are often coupled in chemical reactions
Reduction/oxidation
How many molecules of ATP are most commonly formed from the complete oxidation of glucose during aerobic respiration in animal and plant cells?
30-32
Fusion of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I is called ______; it forms a _______ of sister chromatids.
Synapsis/ Tetrad
What are clusters of several undred pigment molecules in the thylakoid membranes called?
Photosystems
Another name for an H+ ion is a positron?
False
Mitosis is the division of this organelle__________ while cytokineses is division of this gelatinous fluid_____
Nucleus/cytoplasm
What is the first molecule formed in the Kreb’s Cycle when Acetyl Co-A bonds to Oxaloacetate
Citric Acid
The ______is a structure that chromosomes attached to travel on and separare into aughter cells dueing cell division; this structure is composed of proteins that are called_______
Spindle Apparatus/ Microtubules
Which reaction is not a part of aerobic or cellular respiration?
Calvin Cycle
________ are yellow-orange accessory pigments in the chloroplast, while the green pigments are called_______.
Carotenoids/ Chlorophylls
What is the name of the gene that when mutated can cause cancerous growth through unchecked mitosis?
P53
What is the movement of H+ ions across a membrane that will result in ATP production called?
Chemiosmosis
What is the end product of the linear pathway called glycolysis?
Pyruvate
Visible light energy from the sun can simultaneously travel as both a particle and a wave
True
What is the name of the three carbon sugar molecule that is released from every three cycles of the Calvin Cycle?
G3P
Purple light ( 380 nm) contains less energy per wave than foes red light (700nm) since purple light has a longer wavelength
False
A diploid germ cell in a Boston Terrier that contains 38 chromosomes must divide by meiosis to form
4 cells that are haploid with 19 chromosomes
Chemical reactions that are _____ end with a net release of free energy, while _____ reactions end with a net storage of free energy
Exergonic/Endergonic
What is the most common type of enzyme regulation in living organisms
Feedback inhibition
Exchange of portions of chromatids ( and their associated genes) by fused homologous chromosomes is called _________; it occurs during ________ of meiosis.
Crossing over/ Prophase I
________IS THE ENZYME THAT FIXES ( BONDS) co2 INTO THE CALVIN CYCLE during photosynthesis?
RUBISCO
What is not a means of randomly introducing genetic variation in populations of organisms through meiosis and sexual reproduction?
Random mating events of male and female
Mitosis forms 2 genetically different daughter cells, while meiosis forms 4 genetically identical daughter cells
False
The _______ is the compartment of the mitochondrion where ETC occurs.
Inner Membrane
Which compartment of the chloroplast is the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
Stroma
________ is the reactant molecule in photosynthesis that is reduced while ____ is the reactant that is oxidized during the chemical reaction
6CO2/6H2O
Plant leaves are green in the summer primarily because they are absorbing green wavelengths of visible light
False
What is the name of the transport process by whihc CO2 and H20 molecules enter plant tissues from the air and soil, respectively, so photosynthesis can occur.
Diffusion
The name of the cytoplasm of a mitochondrion is ______, while the cytoplasm of a chloroplast is called_________
Mitoplasm/ Chloroplasm
What is the class of proteins called that are positive regulators of the checkpoints in the cell cycle?
Cyclins
What is the first stable molecule formed with C02 enters the Calvin Cycle ( it contains three carbon atoms)?
G3P
Fermentation occurs within the mitochondrion of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
False
A diploid kidney cell in a Domestic Horse that contains 64 chromosomes divides by mitosis to form
2 cells that are diploid with 64 chromosomes
