Macromolecules Flashcards
What are the four macromolecule groups?
Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Structure of a Carb
C- ARBON
H-YDROGEN
O-OXYGEN
STRUCTURE OF A LIPID
CHO
STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN
C-ARBON
H-YDROGEN
O-XYGEN
N-ITROGEN
STRUCTURE OF A NUCLEIC ACID
C-ARBON
H-YDOGEN
O-XYGEN
N-ITROGEN
P-HOSPHORUS
Proteins are
polymers of amino acids arranged in a linear sequence
How many essential AAs are needed in our diet?
9
How many AAs are there in total?
20- 11 synthesized internally, 9 needed from diet
How is a Peptide Bond formed?
When two A.A.s to make a protein
The shape of a protein is critical to
its function
Primary structural function
Usually linear
Secondard structural function
heliac shape or pleated sheet shape- 2d shape
Tertiary structural function
form a 3D shape
Quaternary Protein Structure
When two different A.A. chains bond together to form complex proteins
(e.g. hemoglobin)
Lipids are
non-polar and hydrophobic
Name lipids
Fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids
main function is energy storages
Tryglerides
What is the main form of energy storage in animals?
Glycogen
What is the main form of energy storage in plants?
Starch
How are fatty acids formed?
When glycerol bonds to three fatty acids chains, releases 3 molecules of water and forms as triagercerol
What is a triglycerol?
When glycerol bonds to three fatty acids chains, releases 3 molecules of water and forms as triagercerol
Steroids are comprised of
Fused carbon rings which is unusual for a protein
What is Cholesterol?
Waxy substance used in the plasma membrane of animals; maintain fluid nature of the membrane; also precursor for hormones
Glucose, sucrose, maltose, fructose, starch, glycogen are all…
Carbohydrates
What are the three groups of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
What is the most common carb monomer and why?
Glucose (CH2OH)- most common monomer- can be bound to form polysaccharides
What is the function of nucleic acids?
They carry the genetic blueprint of a cell ( genetic code) instructruction for the functions of the cell
What is this principle? DNA-> RNA-> protein
The central dogma
What is this principle? DNA-> RNA-> protein
The central dogma
Why are DNA and RNA polymors?
They are comprised of repeating monomers
What are Nucleotides?
They are the building blocks of DNA and RNA
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
1) Sugar molecule- Pentose sugar
2) Phosphate group
3) Nitrogen base
What are the five parts of the nitrogen base?
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
Uracil
Adenine is found in….
Both RNA and DNA
Cystosine is found in….
Both RNA and DNA
Guanine is found in….
Both RNA and DNA
Thymine is found in…
DNA only
Uracil is found in….
RNA only
What does the DNA - Double Helix do?
It carries the genetic code. The strands run in opposite directions and are hydrogen bond which give it its helical shape
Why is DNA heliac?
The strands are hydrogen bound and give it its shape
What is the BASE COMPIMENTARY PAIRING RULE?
Adenine- Thymine
Guanine- Cytosine
What is the difference between Uracil and Thymine at the molecular level?
The extra methyl group thymine
In eukaryotes, what does RNA do?
It reads the genetic code in order to make a protein
What is the pairing rule for RNA?
Adenine- Uracil
Cystosine- Guamine
True or False: In eukaryotes, RNA is single stranded?
True
True or False: In viruses, RNA is double stranded?
True
What are the four types of RNA?
1) Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
3) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
4) MircoRNA (miRNA)
What is the function of mRNA
It carries the code to make a protein
What is the function of rRNA?
The genetic code is read in a ribosome
What is the function of tRNA?
code to get an AA and transfer it back to the ribosome
What is the function of miRNA?
Regulatory- Involved in regulating what genes get expressed and what proteins are produced
In eukaryotes, what does DNA stay in the nucleus?
Because it is double-stranded and too large to escape out of the nucleus’ pores
What is “transcription”?
The reduction of a two stranded molecule to a single stranded
What is translation?
The reading of a molecule to make a protein
