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Biology 101 > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four macromolecule groups?

A

Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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2
Q

Structure of a Carb

A

C- ARBON
H-YDROGEN
O-OXYGEN

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3
Q

STRUCTURE OF A LIPID

A

CHO

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4
Q

STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN

A

C-ARBON
H-YDROGEN
O-XYGEN
N-ITROGEN

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5
Q

STRUCTURE OF A NUCLEIC ACID

A

C-ARBON
H-YDOGEN
O-XYGEN
N-ITROGEN
P-HOSPHORUS

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6
Q

Proteins are

A

polymers of amino acids arranged in a linear sequence

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7
Q

How many essential AAs are needed in our diet?

A

9

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8
Q

How many AAs are there in total?

A

20- 11 synthesized internally, 9 needed from diet

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9
Q

How is a Peptide Bond formed?

A

When two A.A.s to make a protein

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10
Q

The shape of a protein is critical to

A

its function

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11
Q

Primary structural function

A

Usually linear

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12
Q

Secondard structural function

A

heliac shape or pleated sheet shape- 2d shape

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13
Q

Tertiary structural function

A

form a 3D shape

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14
Q

Quaternary Protein Structure

A

When two different A.A. chains bond together to form complex proteins
(e.g. hemoglobin)

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15
Q

Lipids are

A

non-polar and hydrophobic

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16
Q

Name lipids

A

Fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids

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17
Q

main function is energy storages

A

Tryglerides

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18
Q

What is the main form of energy storage in animals?

A

Glycogen

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19
Q

What is the main form of energy storage in plants?

A

Starch

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20
Q

How are fatty acids formed?

A

When glycerol bonds to three fatty acids chains, releases 3 molecules of water and forms as triagercerol

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21
Q

What is a triglycerol?

A

When glycerol bonds to three fatty acids chains, releases 3 molecules of water and forms as triagercerol

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22
Q

Steroids are comprised of

A

Fused carbon rings which is unusual for a protein

23
Q

What is Cholesterol?

A

Waxy substance used in the plasma membrane of animals; maintain fluid nature of the membrane; also precursor for hormones

24
Q

Glucose, sucrose, maltose, fructose, starch, glycogen are all…

A

Carbohydrates

25
Q

What are the three groups of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

26
Q

What is the most common carb monomer and why?

A

Glucose (CH2OH)- most common monomer- can be bound to form polysaccharides

27
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A

They carry the genetic blueprint of a cell ( genetic code) instructruction for the functions of the cell

28
Q

What is this principle? DNA-> RNA-> protein

A

The central dogma

29
Q

What is this principle? DNA-> RNA-> protein

A

The central dogma

30
Q

Why are DNA and RNA polymors?

A

They are comprised of repeating monomers

31
Q

What are Nucleotides?

A

They are the building blocks of DNA and RNA

32
Q

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

A

1) Sugar molecule- Pentose sugar
2) Phosphate group
3) Nitrogen base

33
Q

What are the five parts of the nitrogen base?

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
Uracil

34
Q

Adenine is found in….

A

Both RNA and DNA

35
Q

Cystosine is found in….

A

Both RNA and DNA

36
Q

Guanine is found in….

A

Both RNA and DNA

37
Q

Thymine is found in…

A

DNA only

38
Q

Uracil is found in….

A

RNA only

39
Q

What does the DNA - Double Helix do?

A

It carries the genetic code. The strands run in opposite directions and are hydrogen bond which give it its helical shape

40
Q

Why is DNA heliac?

A

The strands are hydrogen bound and give it its shape

41
Q

What is the BASE COMPIMENTARY PAIRING RULE?

A

Adenine- Thymine
Guanine- Cytosine

42
Q

What is the difference between Uracil and Thymine at the molecular level?

A

The extra methyl group thymine

43
Q

In eukaryotes, what does RNA do?

A

It reads the genetic code in order to make a protein

44
Q

What is the pairing rule for RNA?

A

Adenine- Uracil
Cystosine- Guamine

45
Q

True or False: In eukaryotes, RNA is single stranded?

A

True

46
Q

True or False: In viruses, RNA is double stranded?

A

True

47
Q

What are the four types of RNA?

A

1) Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
3) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
4) MircoRNA (miRNA)

48
Q

What is the function of mRNA

A

It carries the code to make a protein

49
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

The genetic code is read in a ribosome

50
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

code to get an AA and transfer it back to the ribosome

51
Q

What is the function of miRNA?

A

Regulatory- Involved in regulating what genes get expressed and what proteins are produced

52
Q

In eukaryotes, what does DNA stay in the nucleus?

A

Because it is double-stranded and too large to escape out of the nucleus’ pores

53
Q

What is “transcription”?

A

The reduction of a two stranded molecule to a single stranded

54
Q

What is translation?

A

The reading of a molecule to make a protein

Biology 101 (16 decks)

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