Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the Characteristics of Life?
1) Cell(s)
2) DNA
3) Growth
4) Response to Stimuli
5) Metabolism
6) Homeostasis
7) Reproduction
8) Evolution
What is the organization of life
Atom -> Molecules -> Cells
What are the 4 components of all cells?
1) DNA
2) Cell membrane
3) Ribosomes
4) Cytoplasm
What is DNA and what does it do?
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA store genetic material that make our proteins
What is the cell membrane comprised of?
Lipids that make proteins
What is the function of ribosomes?
Involved in producing proteins- the code for which is found in DNA
Why is cytoplasm important?
It’s comprised of water and is the most important medium for life to occur
Property of Prokaryotic cells?
They lack a true nucleus- they have a nucleoid.
Name two types of prokaryotic cells
1) Bacteria- such as C. D FIFF
2) Archaea
What is Archaea?
1) Bacteria that live where there is no oxygen and release methane
2) Help break down human waste
3) Live in inhospitable environments like Antarctica, Old Faithful, etc.
Property of Eukaryotic cells?
They have a true nucleus
What are the largest cells that are made up of one cell called?
Eggs
What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life and its processes
1) Variety among different living organisms
2) the variety within populations
What is the most numerous life on the planet?
Insects
What is Species diversity?
The number of different species in any given area
What are the two types of phylogentic trees and their purposes?
1) Rooted phylogenetic tree
2) Unrooted phylogenetic tree
These phylogenetic trees show the relationship of the three domains of life- bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
What are the three domains?
1) Bacteria
2) Archea
3) Eukaryia
What is Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms
From Top down, list the hierarchy of taxonomy
Subspecies
Species
genus
family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
What is “ The most precise and specific measure of biodiversity “
genetic diversity or genetic variation within a species
Which level is just broader than genetic diversity?
Species diversity
What is the broadest most encompassing level of biodiversity?
Ecosystem diversity
What does Phylogeny mean?
It describes the relationships of one organism to others—such as which organisms it is thought to have evolved from, which species it is most closely related to, and so forth.
What can phylogenetic trees not do?
They are not specific enough to show how similar or different organisms are to one another.
What does “taxonomy” mean?
arrangement law
How would taxonomical notation be written?
Each name is capitalized except for species, and the genus and species names are italicized.
What is binomial nomenclature?
When scientists refer to an organism only by its genus and species, which is its two-word scientific name
Biodiversity is
constantly changing
Choose the statement that best describes the formatting of binomial nomenclature
It consists of a capitalized genus name and a lowercase species name.
Which field branch of biology is a field of study in its own right?
Neurobiology
Name the components of the scientific method
1) Observation
2 Ask a question
3) Form a hypothesis
4) Make predictions based on a hypothesis
5) Experiment to test prediction
6) Analyze the results
7) Ask if the hypothesis is supported. If not, test again
8) Publish results
What is a Hypothesis?
A specific question or problem that is testable and falsifiable
What must the hypothesis have?
It must be stated in such a way that the independent variable can be manipulated. Its effect is based on the dependent variable
What is an independent variable?
The variable that can be manipulated (e.g. Dieldrin)
What is a dependent variable?
The variable whose value/ outcome is dependent on the independent variable ( e.g. fish growth)
Proteins are composed of linked
Amino Acids
An individual enzyme
will generally bind a single substrate
What is a controlled variable?
a person, group, event, etc., that is used as a constant and unchanging standard of comparison in scientific experimentation
What is an atom?
building blocks of matter and how they make a stable electron configuration to make bonds and form matter
Define matter
( anything that has mass and takes up space)
Solid
Liquid
Gas
What are Elements?
Elements are composed of atoms- with specific numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons
What is the smallest unit of matter?
The atom
What is a noble gas?
Does not interact with other atoms or elements. It only interacts with itself.
Protons have a….
mass of 1, found in nucleus of atom, positive charge
Neutrons have…
(mass of 1, no electrical charge)
Electrons have…
mass of 0, no charge, found orbiting the nucleus
True or False: The P & N have the same atomic mass inside the nucleus
True
True or False: Charge of the proton and electron balance each other out
True
Which number is the Atomic number?
The top- number of protons
Which number is the Atomic Mass Number?
The bottom- the number of protons plus neutrons equals
What is the Atomic Mass?
Bottom Number( protons plus neutrons equals atomic mass)
Who created the first periodic table?
Dmitri Mendeleev
What is The Bohr Model?
Simplistic drawing of the electrons that orbit the nucleus of the atom. Different electrons orbit at different distances around the nucleus
What is an electron shell also called?
An orbital
What is the The Octet Rule?
atoms are more stables energetical with 8 electrons in valence shell, the outermost electron shell
What is the exception to the Octet Rule?
EXCEPTION: - 2 ELECTRONS IN ORBITAL 1
How do electrons orbit?
In a figure 8
What is a molecule?
When two or more atoms bond
What is an Ionic bond?
When an electron is tranferred through mutual attraction
What is a covalent bond?
Sharing of electrons between atoms
What are valence electrons?
Electrons in the outer oribtal
When is an ion positive?
When it has donated one or more electrons
When is an ion negative?
When it has received one or more electrons
What are the two types of covalent bonds?
Polar and nonpolar
Properties of polar bonds
1) Electrons shared unequally
2) Hydrophillic
Properties of non-polar bonds
1) Equally shared
2) Hydrophobic
What is Electronegativity?
Ability of 1 atom to pull electrons away from a different atom
Properties of Hydrogen bonds
1) Weak attraction between H atom and atom on another molecule with slight electronegative charge
2) DNA
3) Proteins
4) Can only form between a molecule that is polar
Properties of the Hydroxyl Functional Group
Polar
Hydrophilic
Characterized by presence of Hydrogen and Oxygen
Simple Structure
O- H functional group is called a Hydroxyl group- often found in carbohydrates ( common macromolecules), also found in alcohols- just by adding Hydrogen and Oxygen
Properties of the Carboxyl functional group
COOH
Charged, ionized to release H+. Since barboxyl groups can release H+ IONS INTO A SOLUTION, THERY ARE CONSIDERED ACIDIC
Lipids-
Glycerol
Characterized by presence of Nitrogen
Any molecule that donates hydrogen is an acide
Properties of Amino Acids?
- NH2- building blocks of proteins
Carbon bonded to NH2
Accpet hydrogen ions from a solution, cause solution to have a basic PH
Any molecule that accept hydrogen is a base
Properties of Phosphate
Charged, ionized to release H+. Since phosphate groups can release H+ ions into solution, there are considered acidic.
Characterized by presence of Phosphorus
Complex structure
DNA
RNA
ATP- ENERGY
Phosphate groups are involved in energy systems within living things
Properties of the Methyl group:
Nonpolar (won’t dissolve in water)
Characterized by presence of Hydrogen and Carbon
Simple structure
CH3
Lipids- fatty acids
Some carbon
Properties of the Carbonyl group
Polar
Characterized by central carbon and oxygen
Bound to 2 organic side groups
Double bond to oxygen increases the polarity
Properties of Sulfhydryl group
Sulfur bonded to hydrogen
Polar
Simple branch structure
Important in the shape of certain proteins
Helical structures
Or pleated sheets
What is the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element?
An atom
Where is the locations of protons and neutrons?
The nucleus
Where are electrons found?
In the orbitals
What are isotopes?
Different forms of the same atom that vary only in the number of neutrons they possess
How can you tell if an atom is neutal?
The atomic number tells you the number of protons, and if the atom is neutral, the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons will be the same.
When are atoms are more stable energetically?
When they have have eight electrons in their valence shell
What the the seven functional groups?
: hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl groups
Properties of the Hydroxyl groupl
- Polar
-Hydrophilic - O- H relationship
- Simple structure
Propertties of Sulfhydryl
- Polar
-Presence of sulphur
-Simple, unbranched structure
Methyl
Nonpolar
Characterized by presence of H and C
Simple structure
Carbonyl
Polar
Characterized by central C and O
Bound to 2 organic side groups
Double bond to oxygen increases the polarity
Amino
Charged, accepts H+ to form NH3+
Characterized by presence of N
Branched structure
Phosphate
Charged, ionizes to release H+
Acidic
Characterized by presence of P
Complex structure
Carboxyl groups are able to release H+ ions when they are put into a solution. This characteristic of this charged functional also classifies it as what?
Acidic
The carbonyl functional group is distinct because ________.
arbonyl is the only functional group which is bound to not one but TWO organic side groups. This unique characteristic makes it easily identifiable when looking at a molecule with a carbon backbone.
The ________ is considered acidic because it donates hydrogen ions.
phosphate group
A ________ group is based around a carbon bound to hydrogens and an organic molecule.
methyl
Which functional group is basic
amino
How are double bonds formed?
Double bonds form when two pairs of electrons are shared.
Which type of bond represents a weak chemical bond?
Hydrogen
Which type of bond represents a weak chemical bond?
Hydrogen
When hydrogen is involved in a polar covalent bond, it has a ________.
slight positive charge
In an ionic bond, which element gains electrons
the nonmetal
Steroids are composed of ________.
fused ring structures, which is unusual for fats
