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Biology 101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the Characteristics of Life?

A

1) Cell(s)
2) DNA
3) Growth
4) Response to Stimuli
5) Metabolism
6) Homeostasis
7) Reproduction
8) Evolution

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2
Q

What is the organization of life

A

Atom -> Molecules -> Cells

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3
Q

What are the 4 components of all cells?

A

1) DNA
2) Cell membrane
3) Ribosomes
4) Cytoplasm

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4
Q

What is DNA and what does it do?

A

Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA store genetic material that make our proteins

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5
Q

What is the cell membrane comprised of?

A

Lipids that make proteins

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6
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Involved in producing proteins- the code for which is found in DNA

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7
Q

Why is cytoplasm important?

A

It’s comprised of water and is the most important medium for life to occur

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8
Q

Property of Prokaryotic cells?

A

They lack a true nucleus- they have a nucleoid.

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9
Q

Name two types of prokaryotic cells

A

1) Bacteria- such as C. D FIFF
2) Archaea

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10
Q

What is Archaea?

A

1) Bacteria that live where there is no oxygen and release methane
2) Help break down human waste
3) Live in inhospitable environments like Antarctica, Old Faithful, etc.

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11
Q

Property of Eukaryotic cells?

A

They have a true nucleus

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12
Q

What are the largest cells that are made up of one cell called?

A

Eggs

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13
Q

What is Biodiversity?

A

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life and its processes

1) Variety among different living organisms
2) the variety within populations

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14
Q

What is the most numerous life on the planet?

A

Insects

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15
Q

What is Species diversity?

A

The number of different species in any given area

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16
Q

What are the two types of phylogentic trees and their purposes?

A

1) Rooted phylogenetic tree
2) Unrooted phylogenetic tree

These phylogenetic trees show the relationship of the three domains of life- bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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17
Q

What are the three domains?

A

1) Bacteria
2) Archea
3) Eukaryia

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18
Q

What is Taxonomy

A

Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms

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19
Q

From Top down, list the hierarchy of taxonomy

A

Subspecies
Species
genus
family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain

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20
Q

What is “ The most precise and specific measure of biodiversity “

A

genetic diversity or genetic variation within a species

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21
Q

Which level is just broader than genetic diversity?

A

Species diversity

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22
Q

What is the broadest most encompassing level of biodiversity?

A

Ecosystem diversity

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23
Q

What does Phylogeny mean?

A

It describes the relationships of one organism to others—such as which organisms it is thought to have evolved from, which species it is most closely related to, and so forth.

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24
Q

What can phylogenetic trees not do?

A

They are not specific enough to show how similar or different organisms are to one another.

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25
Q

What does “taxonomy” mean?

A

arrangement law

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26
Q

How would taxonomical notation be written?

A

Each name is capitalized except for species, and the genus and species names are italicized.

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27
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

When scientists refer to an organism only by its genus and species, which is its two-word scientific name

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28
Q

Biodiversity is

A

constantly changing

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29
Q

Choose the statement that best describes the formatting of binomial nomenclature

A

It consists of a capitalized genus name and a lowercase species name.

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30
Q

Which field branch of biology is a field of study in its own right?

A

Neurobiology

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31
Q

Name the components of the scientific method

A

1) Observation
2 Ask a question
3) Form a hypothesis
4) Make predictions based on a hypothesis
5) Experiment to test prediction
6) Analyze the results
7) Ask if the hypothesis is supported. If not, test again
8) Publish results

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32
Q

What is a Hypothesis?

A

A specific question or problem that is testable and falsifiable

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33
Q

What must the hypothesis have?

A

It must be stated in such a way that the independent variable can be manipulated. Its effect is based on the dependent variable

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34
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The variable that can be manipulated (e.g. Dieldrin)

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35
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The variable whose value/ outcome is dependent on the independent variable ( e.g. fish growth)

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36
Q

Proteins are composed of linked

A

Amino Acids

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37
Q

An individual enzyme

A

will generally bind a single substrate

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38
Q

What is a controlled variable?

A

a person, group, event, etc., that is used as a constant and unchanging standard of comparison in scientific experimentation

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39
Q

What is an atom?

A

building blocks of matter and how they make a stable electron configuration to make bonds and form matter

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40
Q

Define matter

A

( anything that has mass and takes up space)
Solid
Liquid
Gas

41
Q

What are Elements?

A

Elements are composed of atoms- with specific numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons

42
Q

What is the smallest unit of matter?

A

The atom

43
Q

What is a noble gas?

A

Does not interact with other atoms or elements. It only interacts with itself.

44
Q

Protons have a….

A

mass of 1, found in nucleus of atom, positive charge

45
Q

Neutrons have…

A

(mass of 1, no electrical charge)

46
Q

Electrons have…

A

mass of 0, no charge, found orbiting the nucleus

47
Q

True or False: The P & N have the same atomic mass inside the nucleus

A

True

48
Q

True or False: Charge of the proton and electron balance each other out

A

True

49
Q

Which number is the Atomic number?

A

The top- number of protons

50
Q

Which number is the Atomic Mass Number?

A

The bottom- the number of protons plus neutrons equals

51
Q

What is the Atomic Mass?

A

Bottom Number( protons plus neutrons equals atomic mass)

52
Q

Who created the first periodic table?

A

Dmitri Mendeleev

53
Q

What is The Bohr Model?

A

Simplistic drawing of the electrons that orbit the nucleus of the atom. Different electrons orbit at different distances around the nucleus

54
Q

What is an electron shell also called?

A

An orbital

55
Q

What is the The Octet Rule?

A

atoms are more stables energetical with 8 electrons in valence shell, the outermost electron shell

56
Q

What is the exception to the Octet Rule?

A

EXCEPTION: - 2 ELECTRONS IN ORBITAL 1

57
Q

How do electrons orbit?

A

In a figure 8

58
Q

What is a molecule?

A

When two or more atoms bond

59
Q

What is an Ionic bond?

A

When an electron is tranferred through mutual attraction

60
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Sharing of electrons between atoms

61
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

Electrons in the outer oribtal

62
Q

When is an ion positive?

A

When it has donated one or more electrons

63
Q

When is an ion negative?

A

When it has received one or more electrons

64
Q

What are the two types of covalent bonds?

A

Polar and nonpolar

65
Q

Properties of polar bonds

A

1) Electrons shared unequally
2) Hydrophillic

66
Q

Properties of non-polar bonds

A

1) Equally shared
2) Hydrophobic

67
Q

What is Electronegativity?

A

Ability of 1 atom to pull electrons away from a different atom

68
Q

Properties of Hydrogen bonds

A

1) Weak attraction between H atom and atom on another molecule with slight electronegative charge
2) DNA
3) Proteins
4) Can only form between a molecule that is polar

69
Q

Properties of the Hydroxyl Functional Group

A

Polar
Hydrophilic
Characterized by presence of Hydrogen and Oxygen
Simple Structure
O- H functional group is called a Hydroxyl group- often found in carbohydrates ( common macromolecules), also found in alcohols- just by adding Hydrogen and Oxygen

70
Q

Properties of the Carboxyl functional group

A

COOH
Charged, ionized to release H+. Since barboxyl groups can release H+ IONS INTO A SOLUTION, THERY ARE CONSIDERED ACIDIC
Lipids-
Glycerol
Characterized by presence of Nitrogen
Any molecule that donates hydrogen is an acide

71
Q

Properties of Amino Acids?

A
  • NH2- building blocks of proteins
    Carbon bonded to NH2
    Accpet hydrogen ions from a solution, cause solution to have a basic PH
    Any molecule that accept hydrogen is a base
72
Q

Properties of Phosphate

A

Charged, ionized to release H+. Since phosphate groups can release H+ ions into solution, there are considered acidic.
Characterized by presence of Phosphorus
Complex structure
DNA
RNA
ATP- ENERGY
Phosphate groups are involved in energy systems within living things

73
Q

Properties of the Methyl group:

A

Nonpolar (won’t dissolve in water)
Characterized by presence of Hydrogen and Carbon
Simple structure

CH3
Lipids- fatty acids
Some carbon

74
Q

Properties of the Carbonyl group

A

Polar
Characterized by central carbon and oxygen
Bound to 2 organic side groups
Double bond to oxygen increases the polarity

75
Q

Properties of Sulfhydryl group

A

Sulfur bonded to hydrogen
Polar
Simple branch structure
Important in the shape of certain proteins
Helical structures
Or pleated sheets

76
Q

What is the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element?

A

An atom

77
Q

Where is the locations of protons and neutrons?

A

The nucleus

78
Q

Where are electrons found?

A

In the orbitals

79
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Different forms of the same atom that vary only in the number of neutrons they possess

80
Q

How can you tell if an atom is neutal?

A

The atomic number tells you the number of protons, and if the atom is neutral, the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons will be the same.

81
Q

When are atoms are more stable energetically?

A

When they have have eight electrons in their valence shell

82
Q

What the the seven functional groups?

A

: hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl groups

83
Q

Properties of the Hydroxyl groupl

A
  • Polar
    -Hydrophilic
  • O- H relationship
  • Simple structure
84
Q

Propertties of Sulfhydryl

A
  • Polar
    -Presence of sulphur
    -Simple, unbranched structure
85
Q

Methyl

A

Nonpolar
Characterized by presence of H and C
Simple structure

86
Q

Carbonyl

A

Polar
Characterized by central C and O
Bound to 2 organic side groups
Double bond to oxygen increases the polarity

87
Q

Amino

A

Charged, accepts H+ to form NH3+
Characterized by presence of N
Branched structure

88
Q

Phosphate

A

Charged, ionizes to release H+
Acidic
Characterized by presence of P
Complex structure

89
Q

Carboxyl groups are able to release H+ ions when they are put into a solution. This characteristic of this charged functional also classifies it as what?

A

Acidic

90
Q

The carbonyl functional group is distinct because ________.

A

arbonyl is the only functional group which is bound to not one but TWO organic side groups. This unique characteristic makes it easily identifiable when looking at a molecule with a carbon backbone.

91
Q

The ________ is considered acidic because it donates hydrogen ions.

A

phosphate group

92
Q

A ________ group is based around a carbon bound to hydrogens and an organic molecule.

A

methyl

93
Q

Which functional group is basic

A

amino

94
Q

How are double bonds formed?

A

Double bonds form when two pairs of electrons are shared.

95
Q

Which type of bond represents a weak chemical bond?

A

Hydrogen

96
Q

Which type of bond represents a weak chemical bond?

A

Hydrogen

97
Q

When hydrogen is involved in a polar covalent bond, it has a ________.

A

slight positive charge

98
Q

In an ionic bond, which element gains electrons

A

the nonmetal

99
Q

Steroids are composed of ________.

A

fused ring structures, which is unusual for fats

Biology 101 (16 decks)

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