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Psychology > Unit 6: Learning > Flashcards

Unit 6: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Stimulus

A

Anything that elicits a response

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2
Q

Response

A

A reaction to a stimulus

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3
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

A stimulus that automatically elicits a response, as meat causes salvation

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4
Q

Unconditioned response

A

An automatic response to a particular natural stimulus, as salivation to meat

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5
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

A previous neutral stimulus that has been associated w a natural (or unconditioned) stimulus

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6
Q

Conditioned response

A

A response to the stimulus that is brought about by learning
Ex: salivating at the word pickle

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7
Q

John Watson

A

Suggested that at the human level, “deep emotions” are also just result of association and learning

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8
Q

Little albert

A

11 month Little Albert exper. By john watson

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9
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Process in which a response spreads from one specific stimulus to other stimuli that resemble the original

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10
Q

Extinction

A

Gradual loss of an association over time

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11
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response

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12
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Ivan pavlov’s method of conditioning, in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus

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13
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response

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14
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning that takes place when a spontaneous behavior is reinforced or punished
(B.F Skinner)

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15
Q

Reinforcement

A

Something that follows a response and STRENGTHENS the tendency to repeat response

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16
Q

Primary reinforcement

A

Something necessary for psychological or physical survival that is used as reward

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17
Q

Secondary reinforcement

A

Anything that comes to represent a primary reinforcer, such as $$$

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18
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Reinforcement that involves strengthening the tendency to repeat a response by following it w the addition of something pleasant

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19
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Reinforcement that involves strengthening a response by following it w the removal of something unpleasant

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20
Q

Punishment

A

Process of weakening a response by following it with unpleasant consequences (weaken behavior)

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21
Q

Shaping

A

Process of gradually refining a response by successively reinforcing closer approximations of it
Ex: dog learning to go thru hoop.,first going near hoop..stepping thru

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22
Q

Chaining

A

Reinforcing the connection between the parts of a sequence
Ex: learning a specific type of dance
Learning diff parts then linking all parts for final product

23
Q

Generalization

A

A behavior that spreads from one solution to a similar one

24
Q

Discrimination

A

Learning to tell the difference between one event or object and another; reverse of generalization

25
Q

Extinction

A

When a response of generalization is no longer followed by reinforcement a person will gradually stop making that response

26
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

A

2 diff methods of reinforcing during operant cond.

Continuous & partial

27
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Reinforcement given each time a behavior occurs

28
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

Reinforcement not given each time an act is performed

29
Q

4 schedules

A 
First word
fixed (set in stone)
Variable (changes)
Second word
Ratio (# of times)
Interval (time)
30
Q

Variable ratio

A

Reinforcement is given after a variable # of behaviors

Ex: slot machine in Casino

31
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

Reinforcement is given after a fixed # if behaviors

Ex: buy 10 coffees get one free

32
Q

Variable Interval

A

Reinforcement is given after a variable amount of time

Ex: fishing

33
Q

Fixed interval

A

Reinforcement is given after a fixed amount of time

Ex: paycheck

34
Q

Social learnin

A

Learning from the behavior of others
(Theorist is Albert Bandura)
*most behaviors acquired by observational learning

35
Q

Observational learning

A

Form of social learning in which the organism observes and imitated the behavior of others

36
Q

Bandura exper

A

Bobo dolls
No specific reinforcement needed!
Social learning can occur through exposure and intimidation alone

37
Q

Cognitive approach

A

An approach to the study of learning that emphasizes abstract mental processes and previous knowledge

38
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that is not obvious but goes under the surface our thought processes also influence how desirable a particular stimulus is (reinforcement value)

39
Q

Cognitive Maps

A

(E.C Tolman said learning not so simple as stimulus-response)
A mental image of where one is located in space

40
Q

Encoding

A
  • acquiring info

- info enters brain from series

41
Q

Storage

A

-“hang on” to info

Short and long term

42
Q

Short term memory

A

Limit on amount and time (5-9 things)

Rehearsal helps

43
Q

Long term memory

A

Implicit: actions you are not aware that you remember (walk, eat)
Explicit: info you are aware of recalling (facts, directions, memories)
Key to long term is having trick/device to help remember

44
Q

Mnemonic device

A

Something that helps you remember

Ex: PEMDAS

45
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping items to easily remember

7 is magic #

46
Q

Schema

A

Organized approach to solving a problem/answering question

Ex: planning list around route of grocery store

47
Q

Retrieval

A

Process of getting info back out when needed

  • recall: short answer, fill in blank
  • recognition: word banks, multiple choice
48
Q

(Amnesia) anterograde

A

When you cannot remember anything after the event that caused amnesia

49
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

When you cannot remember anything from before the event

50
Q

Serial positioning effect

A

Remember things at the beginning and end

51
Q

Von restoroff effect

A

Remember things that stand out

52
Q

Misleading questions

A

Memory might be based on the way questions are asked

53
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Constructing memory based on information you get after an event

54
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Emotionally significant event you remember clearly

Psychology (9 decks)

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