Unit 6: Learning

Question 1

Stimulus

Answer 1

Anything that elicits a response

Question 2

Response

Answer 2

A reaction to a stimulus

Question 3

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

A stimulus that automatically elicits a response, as meat causes salvation

Question 4

Unconditioned response

Answer 4

An automatic response to a particular natural stimulus, as salivation to meat

Question 5

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

A previous neutral stimulus that has been associated w a natural (or unconditioned) stimulus

Question 6

Conditioned response

Answer 6

A response to the stimulus that is brought about by learning
Ex: salivating at the word pickle

Question 7

John Watson

Answer 7

Suggested that at the human level, “deep emotions” are also just result of association and learning

Question 8

Little albert

Answer 8

11 month Little Albert exper. By john watson

Question 9

Stimulus generalization

Answer 9

Process in which a response spreads from one specific stimulus to other stimuli that resemble the original

Question 10

Extinction

Answer 10

Gradual loss of an association over time

Question 11

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 11

The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response

Question 12

Classical conditioning

Answer 12

Ivan pavlov’s method of conditioning, in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus

Question 13

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 13

The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response

Question 14

Operant conditioning

Answer 14

Learning that takes place when a spontaneous behavior is reinforced or punished
(B.F Skinner)

Question 15

Reinforcement

Answer 15

Something that follows a response and STRENGTHENS the tendency to repeat response

Question 16

Primary reinforcement

Answer 16

Something necessary for psychological or physical survival that is used as reward

Question 17

Secondary reinforcement

Answer 17

Anything that comes to represent a primary reinforcer, such as $$$

Question 18

Positive reinforcement

Answer 18

Reinforcement that involves strengthening the tendency to repeat a response by following it w the addition of something pleasant

Question 19

Negative reinforcement

Answer 19

Reinforcement that involves strengthening a response by following it w the removal of something unpleasant

Question 20

Punishment

Answer 20

Process of weakening a response by following it with unpleasant consequences (weaken behavior)

Question 21

Shaping

Answer 21

Process of gradually refining a response by successively reinforcing closer approximations of it
Ex: dog learning to go thru hoop.,first going near hoop..stepping thru

Question 22

Chaining

Answer 22

Reinforcing the connection between the parts of a sequence
Ex: learning a specific type of dance
Learning diff parts then linking all parts for final product

Question 23

Generalization

Answer 23

A behavior that spreads from one solution to a similar one

Question 24

Discrimination

Answer 24

Learning to tell the difference between one event or object and another; reverse of generalization

Question 25

Extinction

Answer 25

When a response of generalization is no longer followed by reinforcement a person will gradually stop making that response

Question 26

Schedules of reinforcement

Answer 26

2 diff methods of reinforcing during operant cond. | Continuous & partial

Question 27

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 27

Reinforcement given each time a behavior occurs

Question 28

Partial reinforcement

Answer 28

Reinforcement not given each time an act is performed

Question 29

4 schedules

Answer 29

``` First word fixed (set in stone) Variable (changes) Second word Ratio (# of times) Interval (time) ```

Question 30

Variable ratio

Answer 30

Reinforcement is given after a variable # of behaviors | Ex: slot machine in Casino

Question 31

Fixed Ratio

Answer 31

Reinforcement is given after a fixed # if behaviors | Ex: buy 10 coffees get one free

Question 32

Variable Interval

Answer 32

Reinforcement is given after a variable amount of time | Ex: fishing

Question 33

Fixed interval

Answer 33

Reinforcement is given after a fixed amount of time | Ex: paycheck

Question 34

Social learnin

Answer 34

Learning from the behavior of others (Theorist is Albert Bandura) *most behaviors acquired by observational learning

Question 35

Observational learning

Answer 35

Form of social learning in which the organism observes and imitated the behavior of others

Question 36

Bandura exper

Answer 36

Bobo dolls No specific reinforcement needed! Social learning can occur through exposure and intimidation alone

Question 37

Cognitive approach

Answer 37

An approach to the study of learning that emphasizes abstract mental processes and previous knowledge

Question 38

Latent learning

Answer 38

Learning that is not obvious but goes under the surface our thought processes also influence how desirable a particular stimulus is (reinforcement value)

Question 39

Cognitive Maps

Answer 39

(E.C Tolman said learning not so simple as stimulus-response) A mental image of where one is located in space

Question 40

Encoding

Answer 40

- acquiring info | - info enters brain from series

Question 41

Storage

Answer 41

-"hang on" to info | Short and long term

Question 42

Short term memory

Answer 42

Limit on amount and time (5-9 things) | Rehearsal helps

Question 43

Long term memory

Answer 43

Implicit: actions you are not aware that you remember (walk, eat) Explicit: info you are aware of recalling (facts, directions, memories) Key to long term is having trick/device to help remember

Question 44

Mnemonic device

Answer 44

Something that helps you remember | Ex: PEMDAS

Question 45

Chunking

Answer 45

Grouping items to easily remember | 7 is magic #

Question 46

Schema

Answer 46

Organized approach to solving a problem/answering question | Ex: planning list around route of grocery store

Question 47

Retrieval

Answer 47

Process of getting info back out when needed - recall: short answer, fill in blank - recognition: word banks, multiple choice

Question 48

(Amnesia) anterograde

Answer 48

When you cannot remember anything after the event that caused amnesia

Question 49

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 49

When you cannot remember anything from before the event

Question 50

Serial positioning effect

Answer 50

Remember things at the beginning and end

Question 51

Von restoroff effect

Answer 51

Remember things that stand out

Question 52

Misleading questions

Answer 52

Memory might be based on the way questions are asked

Question 53

Misinformation effect

Answer 53

Constructing memory based on information you get after an event

Question 54

Flashbulb memory

Answer 54

Emotionally significant event you remember clearly