Test 12/9 Flashcards
Chromosome
Structures containing genes; all human cells contain 46 chromosomes except reproductive cells which contain 23
Zygote
Fertilized egg (46 chromosomes)
Identical twins versus fraternal twins
Identical: one sperm one egg divided into two (monozygotic)
Fraternal: two eggs two sperm (dizygotic)
Stages of pregnancy
- Germinal period: first two weeks after conception
- Period of the embryo: third through the eighth weeks after conception
- Period of the fetus: ninth week after conception until after birth
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Mother drinks during pregnancy
Effects: smaller head, flatter nose, eyes further apart, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems
Malnutrition
Causes slow fetal growth and low birth weight
(Common birth defects)
Cerebral palsey
Environmental damage to brain before, during, or after birth
lack of muscle control spasms
(Common birth defects) down syndrome
Chromosomal abnormalities
Sickle cell anemia (common birth defects)
Heredity
Malnutrition of red blood cells
(Developmental patterns) maturation
The automatic, orderly, sequential process of physical and mental development
(Developmental patterns) growth cycle
Orderly patterns of development
Girls versus boys
Girls are more olderly and stable in their growth cycles
Boys grow more in spurts and mature more slowly
Genes
Basics units of heredity
Imprinting
A biological process in which the young of certain species follow and become attached to their mothers
Critical period
A specific period of development that is the only time when a particular skill can develop or a particular association can occur
Permissive parenting style
Permits children to do what they want
Parent lack rules, consequences or consistency
Impact of permissive parents
Children are
-impulsive -irresponsible -have no self-discipline -have poor self-esteem and relationship skills -have trouble making decisions and doing things for themselves
Dictatorial parenting style (authoritative, totalitarian)
Parent view children as subjects and demand total obedience
Impact of dictatorial parenting
Children:-feel -poor self-esteem -poor decision-making skills -trouble getting along with others
Authoritative parenting style
Parent makes and constantly enforces rules -interested in children’s feelings and viewpoint -want children to learn and solve own problems
Impact of authoritative parenting
-self reliant -self-confident -have stable relationships and positive self image -take responsibility
Who was John Piaget
Swiss psychologist
Studied cognitive development (Way in which thinking/ reasoning grow/change
Four stages of child development
Autism
Means selfism in Greek
-A developmental brain disorder that typically affects a person’s ability to communicate, engage in social interacts, and respond appropriately to the environment
Signs of autism spectrum disorder
- Doesn’t babble, point, make meaningful gesture by one year of age
- doesn’t speak by 16 months
- doesn’t combine words by two years
- doesn’t respond to name
- loses language/social skills
Social symptoms of autism
- slower to interpret what others are thinking/feeling
- difficulty understanding someone else’s pov
- difficulty controlling emotions
Communication difficulties
- mute entire lives
- repeat what they hear (echolalia)
What causes autism
Unknown
Possibly a result of multiple causes
Autism statistics
3 to 4 times more common in boys
Why such an increase in number of diagnosis in autism
Changes in diagnostic criteria
Better recognition at a young age
Inclusion of milder cases
Autism Savant
autistic individuals who have extraordinary talent
Aspergers syndrome
Symptoms: -significant difficulty interacting with other people
- unusually or irrationally stubborn
- have unusual interest that they pursue with intensity
- overreact or under react
Sensorimotor
0 to 2 years
- sensation and movement
- separation anxiety -language take place -objects not permanent
Object permanence
Piaget’s term for the awareness that specific objects are real and exist all by themselves appears at about 10 months
Preoperational
2 to 7 years
Know things can be permanent
Cannot see others pov
No reversibility or conservation skills until end of stage
Conservation
Some of an objects characteristics can be changed while others remain the same
Reversibility
A relationship that goes in one direction can also go in the other
Concrete operational
7 to 11 years World is real Understand others pov Conservation is less of a problem See things in black-and-white
Formal Operational
11 to 15 years
Abstract thoughts found in logic
Highest level of cognitive development
Jean Piaget’s stages cognitive development
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete operational
- Formal operational
Kohlberg’s stages or moral development
- Preconventional morality
- Conventional morality
- Postconventional morality
Moral development
Development of ideas about right and wrong
Kohlberg
Conventional
7 to 11 years old
Moral reasoning is based on the expectations of others
Kohlberg
Pre-conventional
Younger than six years
Morality determined by reward or punishment
(By end stage children understand if someone does something for you, you should do something for them)
Kohlberg
Post conventional
11 years on
Small portion reach stage
personal ethics and human rights come into play
What is Piaget’s most controversial stage
Formal operations because cultural differences
