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Psychology > Test 12/9 > Flashcards

Test 12/9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Chromosome

A

Structures containing genes; all human cells contain 46 chromosomes except reproductive cells which contain 23

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2
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg (46 chromosomes)

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3
Q

Identical twins versus fraternal twins

A

Identical: one sperm one egg divided into two (monozygotic)
Fraternal: two eggs two sperm (dizygotic)

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4
Q

Stages of pregnancy

A
  1. Germinal period: first two weeks after conception
  2. Period of the embryo: third through the eighth weeks after conception
  3. Period of the fetus: ninth week after conception until after birth
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5
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Mother drinks during pregnancy

Effects: smaller head, flatter nose, eyes further apart, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems

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6
Q

Malnutrition

A

Causes slow fetal growth and low birth weight

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7
Q

(Common birth defects)

Cerebral palsey

A

Environmental damage to brain before, during, or after birth

lack of muscle control spasms

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8
Q

(Common birth defects) down syndrome

A

Chromosomal abnormalities

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9
Q

Sickle cell anemia (common birth defects)

A

Heredity

Malnutrition of red blood cells

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10
Q

(Developmental patterns) maturation

A

The automatic, orderly, sequential process of physical and mental development

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11
Q

(Developmental patterns) growth cycle

A

Orderly patterns of development

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12
Q

Girls versus boys

A

Girls are more olderly and stable in their growth cycles

Boys grow more in spurts and mature more slowly

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13
Q

Genes

A

Basics units of heredity

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14
Q

Imprinting

A

A biological process in which the young of certain species follow and become attached to their mothers

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15
Q

Critical period

A

A specific period of development that is the only time when a particular skill can develop or a particular association can occur

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16
Q

Permissive parenting style

A

Permits children to do what they want

Parent lack rules, consequences or consistency

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17
Q

Impact of permissive parents

A

Children are
-impulsive -irresponsible -have no self-discipline -have poor self-esteem and relationship skills -have trouble making decisions and doing things for themselves

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18
Q

Dictatorial parenting style (authoritative, totalitarian)

A

Parent view children as subjects and demand total obedience

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19
Q

Impact of dictatorial parenting

A

Children:-feel -poor self-esteem -poor decision-making skills -trouble getting along with others

20
Q

Authoritative parenting style

A

Parent makes and constantly enforces rules -interested in children’s feelings and viewpoint -want children to learn and solve own problems

21
Q

Impact of authoritative parenting

A

-self reliant -self-confident -have stable relationships and positive self image -take responsibility

22
Q

Who was John Piaget

A

Swiss psychologist
Studied cognitive development (Way in which thinking/ reasoning grow/change
Four stages of child development

23
Q

Autism

A

Means selfism in Greek
-A developmental brain disorder that typically affects a person’s ability to communicate, engage in social interacts, and respond appropriately to the environment

24
Q

Signs of autism spectrum disorder

A
  • Doesn’t babble, point, make meaningful gesture by one year of age
  • doesn’t speak by 16 months
  • doesn’t combine words by two years
  • doesn’t respond to name
  • loses language/social skills
25
Q

Social symptoms of autism

A
  • slower to interpret what others are thinking/feeling
  • difficulty understanding someone else’s pov
  • difficulty controlling emotions
26
Q

Communication difficulties

A
  • mute entire lives

- repeat what they hear (echolalia)

27
Q

What causes autism

A

Unknown

Possibly a result of multiple causes

28
Q

Autism statistics

A

3 to 4 times more common in boys

29
Q

Why such an increase in number of diagnosis in autism

A

Changes in diagnostic criteria
Better recognition at a young age
Inclusion of milder cases

30
Q

Autism Savant

A

autistic individuals who have extraordinary talent

31
Q

Aspergers syndrome

A

Symptoms: -significant difficulty interacting with other people

  • unusually or irrationally stubborn
  • have unusual interest that they pursue with intensity
  • overreact or under react
32
Q

Sensorimotor

A

0 to 2 years

  • sensation and movement
  • separation anxiety -language take place -objects not permanent
33
Q

Object permanence

A

Piaget’s term for the awareness that specific objects are real and exist all by themselves appears at about 10 months

34
Q

Preoperational

A

2 to 7 years
Know things can be permanent
Cannot see others pov
No reversibility or conservation skills until end of stage

35
Q

Conservation

A

Some of an objects characteristics can be changed while others remain the same

36
Q

Reversibility

A

A relationship that goes in one direction can also go in the other

37
Q

Concrete operational

A 
7 to 11 years
World is real 
Understand others pov
Conservation is less of a problem
See things in black-and-white
38
Q

Formal Operational

A

11 to 15 years
Abstract thoughts found in logic
Highest level of cognitive development

39
Q

Jean Piaget’s stages cognitive development

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Preoperational
  3. Concrete operational
  4. Formal operational
40
Q

Kohlberg’s stages or moral development

A
  1. Preconventional morality
  2. Conventional morality
  3. Postconventional morality
41
Q

Moral development

A

Development of ideas about right and wrong

42
Q

Kohlberg

Conventional

A

7 to 11 years old

Moral reasoning is based on the expectations of others

43
Q

Kohlberg

Pre-conventional

A

Younger than six years
Morality determined by reward or punishment
(By end stage children understand if someone does something for you, you should do something for them)

44
Q

Kohlberg

Post conventional

A

11 years on
Small portion reach stage
personal ethics and human rights come into play

45
Q

What is Piaget’s most controversial stage

A

Formal operations because cultural differences

Psychology (9 decks)

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