Test 12/9

Question 1

Chromosome

Answer 1

Structures containing genes; all human cells contain 46 chromosomes except reproductive cells which contain 23

Question 2

Zygote

Answer 2

Fertilized egg (46 chromosomes)

Question 3

Identical twins versus fraternal twins

Answer 3

Identical: one sperm one egg divided into two (monozygotic)
Fraternal: two eggs two sperm (dizygotic)

Question 4

Stages of pregnancy

Answer 4

1. Germinal period: first two weeks after conception
2. Period of the embryo: third through the eighth weeks after conception
3. Period of the fetus: ninth week after conception until after birth

Question 5

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 5

Mother drinks during pregnancy

Effects: smaller head, flatter nose, eyes further apart, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems

Question 6

Malnutrition

Answer 6

Causes slow fetal growth and low birth weight

Question 7

(Common birth defects)

Cerebral palsey

Answer 7

Environmental damage to brain before, during, or after birth

lack of muscle control spasms

Question 8

(Common birth defects) down syndrome

Answer 8

Chromosomal abnormalities

Question 9

Sickle cell anemia (common birth defects)

Answer 9

Heredity

Malnutrition of red blood cells

Question 10

(Developmental patterns) maturation

Answer 10

The automatic, orderly, sequential process of physical and mental development

Question 11

(Developmental patterns) growth cycle

Answer 11

Orderly patterns of development

Question 12

Girls versus boys

Answer 12

Girls are more olderly and stable in their growth cycles

Boys grow more in spurts and mature more slowly

Question 13

Genes

Answer 13

Basics units of heredity

Question 14

Imprinting

Answer 14

A biological process in which the young of certain species follow and become attached to their mothers

Question 15

Critical period

Answer 15

A specific period of development that is the only time when a particular skill can develop or a particular association can occur

Question 16

Permissive parenting style

Answer 16

Permits children to do what they want

Parent lack rules, consequences or consistency

Question 17

Impact of permissive parents

Answer 17

Children are
-impulsive -irresponsible -have no self-discipline -have poor self-esteem and relationship skills -have trouble making decisions and doing things for themselves

Question 18

Dictatorial parenting style (authoritative, totalitarian)

Answer 18

Parent view children as subjects and demand total obedience

Question 19

Impact of dictatorial parenting

Answer 19

Children:-feel -poor self-esteem -poor decision-making skills -trouble getting along with others

Question 20

Authoritative parenting style

Answer 20

Parent makes and constantly enforces rules -interested in children’s feelings and viewpoint -want children to learn and solve own problems

Question 21

Impact of authoritative parenting

Answer 21

-self reliant -self-confident -have stable relationships and positive self image -take responsibility

Question 22

Who was John Piaget

Answer 22

Swiss psychologist
Studied cognitive development (Way in which thinking/ reasoning grow/change
Four stages of child development

Question 23

Autism

Answer 23

Means selfism in Greek
-A developmental brain disorder that typically affects a person’s ability to communicate, engage in social interacts, and respond appropriately to the environment

Question 24

Signs of autism spectrum disorder

Answer 24

• Doesn’t babble, point, make meaningful gesture by one year of age
• doesn’t speak by 16 months
• doesn’t combine words by two years
• doesn’t respond to name
• loses language/social skills

Question 25

Social symptoms of autism

Answer 25

- slower to interpret what others are thinking/feeling - difficulty understanding someone else's pov - difficulty controlling emotions

Question 26

Communication difficulties

Answer 26

- mute entire lives | - repeat what they hear (echolalia)

Question 27

What causes autism

Answer 27

Unknown | Possibly a result of multiple causes

Question 28

Autism statistics

Answer 28

3 to 4 times more common in boys

Question 29

Why such an increase in number of diagnosis in autism

Answer 29

Changes in diagnostic criteria Better recognition at a young age Inclusion of milder cases

Question 30

Autism Savant

Answer 30

autistic individuals who have extraordinary talent

Question 31

Aspergers syndrome

Answer 31

Symptoms: -significant difficulty interacting with other people - unusually or irrationally stubborn - have unusual interest that they pursue with intensity - overreact or under react

Question 32

Sensorimotor

Answer 32

0 to 2 years - sensation and movement - separation anxiety -language take place -objects not permanent

Question 33

Object permanence

Answer 33

Piaget's term for the awareness that specific objects are real and exist all by themselves appears at about 10 months

Question 34

Preoperational

Answer 34

2 to 7 years Know things can be permanent Cannot see others pov No reversibility or conservation skills until end of stage

Question 35

Conservation

Answer 35

Some of an objects characteristics can be changed while others remain the same

Question 36

Reversibility

Answer 36

A relationship that goes in one direction can also go in the other

Question 37

Concrete operational

Answer 37

``` 7 to 11 years World is real Understand others pov Conservation is less of a problem See things in black-and-white ```

Question 38

Formal Operational

Answer 38

11 to 15 years Abstract thoughts found in logic Highest level of cognitive development

Question 39

Jean Piaget's stages cognitive development

Answer 39

1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete operational 4. Formal operational

Question 40

Kohlberg's stages or moral development

Answer 40

1. Preconventional morality 2. Conventional morality 3. Postconventional morality

Question 41

Moral development

Answer 41

Development of ideas about right and wrong

Question 42

Kohlberg | Conventional

Answer 42

7 to 11 years old | Moral reasoning is based on the expectations of others

Question 43

Kohlberg | Pre-conventional

Answer 43

Younger than six years Morality determined by reward or punishment (By end stage children understand if someone does something for you, you should do something for them)

Question 44

Kohlberg | Post conventional

Answer 44

11 years on Small portion reach stage personal ethics and human rights come into play

Question 45

What is Piaget's most controversial stage

Answer 45

Formal operations because cultural differences