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Psychology > Unit 6 - Learning > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Learning Flashcards

1
Q

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

A

learning

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2
Q

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

A

classical conditioning

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3
Q

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

  • ex, pavlov’s dog salivating to the tone/bell
A

conditioned response

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4
Q

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

  • ex. the white rat shown to little albert makes him scared after the experiment
A

conditioned stimulus

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5
Q

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (such as taste of food)

A

unconditioned response

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6
Q

a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response

A

unconditioned stimulus

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7
Q

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

A

discrimination

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8
Q

occurs when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with a unconditioned stimulus

A

extinction

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9
Q

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

  • ex, little albert fearing all furry objects
A

generalization

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10
Q

associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus to create a second conditioned stimulus

A

higher order conditioning

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11
Q

the reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished conditioned response

A

spontaneous recovery

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12
Q

refers to the tendency to repeat behaviors that are rewarded

A

law of effect

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13
Q

the process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior

A

shaping

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14
Q

an event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows

A

reinforcer

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15
Q

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished if followed by a punisher

A

operant conditioning

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16
Q

any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

A

positive reinforcer

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17
Q

any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

A

negative reinforcer

18
Q

unlearned and innately satisfying

A

primary reinforcer

19
Q

learned

A

conditioned reinforcer

20
Q

reinforcing the response every time it occurs

A

continuous reinforcement

21
Q

reinforcing a response only part of the time

  • gambling
A

partial reinforcement

22
Q

a response is reinforced only after a specified time period has elapsed

A

fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement

23
Q

a response is reinforced only after specified number of responses have been made

A

fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement

24
Q

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

A

variable-interval schedule of reinforcement

25
Q

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

  • purchasing lottery tickets
A

variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement

26
Q

decreases a behavior when an aversive stimulus is added

A

positive punishment

27
Q

decreases a behavior when a rewarding stimulus is removed

A

negative punishment

28
Q

increases a behavior when a desirable stimulus is added

A

positive reinforcement

29
Q

increases a behavior when an aversive stimulus is removed

A

negative reinforcement

30
Q

electronically recording, amplifying, and displaying information regarding subtle physiological responses

A

biofeedback

31
Q

a mental representation of the layout of ones environment

A

cognitive maps

32
Q

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

A

extrinsic motivation

33
Q

desire to engage in an activity for the sake of its own enjoyment

A

intrinsic motivation

34
Q

a sudden realization of a problems solution

A

insight

35
Q

the perception that chance or outside forced beyond our personal control determine our fate

A

external locus of control

36
Q

perception that one can strongly influence the outcome and destiny of one’s own life

A

internal locus of control

37
Q

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

A

learned helplessness

38
Q

learning by observing others

  • social learning
A

observational learning

39
Q

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another do so

A

mirror neurons

40
Q

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

  • ex, children imitating what they see on TV
A

modeling

Psychology (4 decks)

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