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Psychology > Unit 2 - Research Methods > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

“I knew it all along”

A

hindsight bias

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2
Q

a questioning attitude

  • “smart thinking”
  • asses the source
A

critical thinking

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3
Q

an explanation that organizes observations and predicts future behavior or events

  • ORGANIZES
A

theory

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4
Q

testable prediction that gives direction to research

  • can be confirmed or refuted
A

hypothesis

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5
Q

specification of how a researcher measures a research variable

  • MEASURES
  • gives research validity
A

operational definition

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6
Q

technique that involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different participants and in different circumstances

  • REPLICATE the same variables
A

replication

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7
Q

research method where we study one individual or a small group in depth to try to carefully draw conclusions about others based on what we observe

  • can’t show cause and effect
A

case study

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8
Q

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

  • natural environment
  • describes and observes behavior, does not explain
A

naturalistic observation

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9
Q

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample group

  • looks at many cases at once
A

survey

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10
Q

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

A

population

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11
Q

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

  • narrowing your population down
A

random sampling

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12
Q

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

  • when your sample is no longer representative
A

sampling bias

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13
Q

measure of the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables

  • correlation can be positive or negative
  • how well does A predict B
A

correlation coefficient

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14
Q

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables

  • graphically represents the correlation between two variables
A

scatterplot

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15
Q

change in the same direction

  • if variable A goes up the variable B will go up
A

positive correlation

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16
Q

change in opposite direction

  • if variable A goes up then variable B will go down
A

negative correlation

17
Q

0 is the weakest; 1 or -1 is the strongest

  • whether it is 1 or -1 does not matter, it just shows the direction
A

strong correlation

18
Q

a perceived but nonexistent correlation

  • ex. not being able to conceive a child so they adopt and then after they adopt they are able to conceive
A

illusory correlation

19
Q

0 is the weakest correlation

A

weak correlation

20
Q

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental processes

  • manipulation of the factors of interest
A

experiment

21
Q

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by change, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups

  • everyone has equal opportunity to be chosen
A

random assignment

22
Q

inert substance; in a drug treatment study, it does not contain the actual drug

  • doesn’t do anything
  • does not contain the actual drug
A

placebo

23
Q

in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment

A

control condition

24
Q

in an experiment, the group who receives the experimental treatment

A

experimental group

25
Q

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect if being studied

A

independent variable

26
Q

the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

A

dependent variable

27
Q

most frequently occurring score

A

mode

28
Q

arithmetic average of a distribution; obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

A

mean

29
Q

the middle score ina distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below

  • best for determining housing values in a community
A

median

30
Q

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

A

range

31
Q

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score; consistency

A

standard deviation

32
Q

normal curve

A

68% of scores fall within 15 pts. of either side of the mean (85 to 115)
95% of scores fall within 30 pts. of either side of the mean (70-130)

33
Q

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

A

statistically significant

34
Q

enduring traditions, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people

A

culture

35
Q

the post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

A

debriefing

36
Q

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

A

informed consent

Psychology (4 decks)

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