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Anatomy & Physiology > Unit 6: Introduction to the Nervous System > Flashcards

Unit 6: Introduction to the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A
  • Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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2
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system? (3)

A
  • Monitors internal/external environment
  • Integrates sensory info
  • Coordinates responses of other systems
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3
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of? (2)

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
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4
Q

What does the CNS do? (3)

A
  • Processes sensory data
  • Transmits motor commands
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5
Q

What are the two divisions within the CNS?

A
  • afferent division
  • efferent division
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6
Q

Afferent Division

A

transmits sensory info TO CNS

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7
Q

Efferent Division

A

sends motor commands FROM CNS to effectors

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8
Q

What receptors are connected to the afferent division? (2)

A
  • Somatic Sensory Receptors
  • Visceral Sensory Receptors
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9
Q

Somatic Sensory Receptors

A

monitor the outside world and out position in it

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10
Q

Visceral Sensory Receptors

A

monitor internal conditions and the status of the other organ systems

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11
Q

What are the systems within the efferent division? (2)

A
  • Somatic Nervous System
  • Autonomic Nervous System
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12
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

controls skeletal muscle

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13
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

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14
Q

What are the divisions within the autonomic nervous system? (2)

A
  • Sympathetic Division
  • Parasympathetic Division
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15
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system prepare the body for?

A

fight or flight reaction

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16
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system prepare the body for?

A

rest and digest

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17
Q

Neurons

A

send & receive signals

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18
Q

What are some structures in the neuron? (4)

A
  • cell body (soma)
  • dendrites
  • axons
  • synaptic terminals
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19
Q

Cell Body (Soma)

A

contains organelles

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20
Q

Dendrites

A

receive info

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21
Q

Axon

A

carries outgoing signals

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22
Q

Synaptic terminals

A

ends of axons

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23
Q

Multipolar neuron (3)

A
  • Most common neuron in CNS
  • All skeletal muscle motor neurons
  • Cell body at end dendrites attached
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24
Q

Unipolar neurons (2)

A
  • Sensory neurons of PNS
  • Cell Body is at middle above axon
25
Bipolar neurons (2)
- Special sense organs (sight, smell, hearing) - Axon goes through cell body
26
Sensory Neuron Structure and Function (2)
- Long dendrite, short axon - Conduct impulse to cord
27
Sensory Neuron Location (2)
Cell body/dendrite outside spinal cord cell body - dorsal root
28
Motor Neuron Structure and Function (2)
- Short dendrite , long axons - Conduct impulse to effector (muscle/gland)
29
Motor Neuron Location (2)
- Cell body/dendrites in spinal cord - Cell body axon outside of spinal cord
30
Interneuron Structure and Function (2)
- Short dendrite, short axon - Interconnect sensory neurons with motor neurons
31
Interneuron Location
Entirely within CNS
32
How many neuroglia are there?
6
33
What are the 6 types of neuroglia?
- Oligodendrocytes - Schwann Cells - Microglia - Astrocytes - Ependymal Cells - Satellite Cells
34
Satellite Cell Function and Location (3)
- PNS - surround neuron cell bodies - regulate tissue environment
35
Schwann Cell Structure and Function (3)
- PNS - Responsible for myelination of peripheral axons - participate in repair process after injury
36
Oligodendrocyte Location and Function (3)
- CNS - Myelinate CNS axons - Provide structural frame work
37
Astrocytes (2)
- CNS - Maintain blood brain barrier
38
Ependymal Cells (2)
- CNS - Assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluids
39
Microglia (2)
- CNS - Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis
40
What is ALS?
- a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
41
What happens when motor neuron function goes away?
The muscle is no longer stimulated, so it atrophies over time
42
Gray matter
clusters of neuron cell bodies
42
White matter
clusters of axons
43
What is membrane potential dependent on? (4)
- Sodium ions - Potassium ions - Chlorine ions - Proteins
44
What are the steps of action potential? (6)
1) membrane at resting potential, sodium channels are closed 2)stimulus triggers sodium channels to open allowing for sodium to come in 3) More voltage gated channels will open so sodium continues to come in 4) mV reaches a certain point and sodium channels start to close 5) potassium ion channel opens 6) potassium ions diffuse out the axion, membrane become hyperpolarized and potassium channel closes
45
What is the resting potential of a neuron?
-70mV
46
Meninges
specialized membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord
47
What are the layers that make up the meninges? (3)
- dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater
48
What are areas cerebrospinal fluid is located? (3)
- Choroid plexus - Ventricles - Central Canal
49
Choroid plexus (2)
- produces CSF - a network of capillaries within the brain
50
Continuous propagation
action potentials along an unmyelinated axon and affects one segment of the axon at a time
51
Saltatory propagation
action potential along myelinated axon and is faster and uses less energy than continuous propagation
52
neurotransmitters
carry chemical signals/messages
53
Inhibitory neurotransmitters (4)
- serotonin - gaba - dopamine - endorphins
54
Excitatory neurotransmitters (5)
- adrenaline - noradrenaline/norepinephrine - acetylcholine - glutamate - dopamine
55
all or nothing principle
as long as the threshold is met the stimulus will occur
56
synapse
site where a neuron communicates w/ another cell
57
presynaptic neuron
transmits AP to postsynaptic neuron or effector cell via neurotransmitters

Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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