Unit 3: Introduction to the Integument System

Question 1

What type of epithelial cell is the epidermis made up of?

Answer 1

stratified squamous

Question 2

Where does the avascular epidermis receive its nutrients and O2?

Answer 2

the dermis

Question 3

What are the two types of epidermis?

Answer 3

thick and thin

Question 4

How many layers are in thick skin?

Answer 4

5

Question 5

How many layers are in thin skin?

Answer 5

4

Question 6

Where is thick skin usually located?

Answer 6

palms of hands and soles of feet

Question 7

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

Answer 7

• stratum corneum
• stratum lucidum
• stratum granulosum
• stratum spinosum
• stratum germinativum

Question 8

Stratum Corneum

Answer 8

15-30 layer of dead keratinized cells, produce glycolipids (or oils) the make the surface water resistant

Question 9

Stratum Lucidum

Answer 9

clear dead cells filled with keratin

Question 10

Stratum Granulosum

Answer 10

flattened cells that produce keratin

Question 11

Stratum Spinosum

Answer 11

cells that are filled with pre-keratin proteins

Question 12

Stratum Germinativum

Answer 12

contains stem cells and melanocytes forms epidermal ridges and dermal papillae

Question 13

Keratin

Answer 13

a durable, H2O-resistant protein that also forms hair & nails

Question 14

Epidermal ridges

Answer 14

extend into dermis

Question 15

Dermal papillae

Answer 15

extend toward surface

Question 16

Dermis

Answer 16

consists of connective tissue

Question 17

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Answer 17

the papillary and reticular layers

Question 18

Papillary layer (contains 4 things)

Answer 18

contains contains capillaries, lymphatics, pain & touch receptors, collagen & elastin

Question 19

Reticular Layer (contains 4 things)

Answer 19

contains larger vessels, nerve fibers, pressure receptors, collagen & elastin

Question 20

Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

Answer 20

anchors skin, absorbs shock, provides insulation, stores energy, where injections occur with hypodermic needles

Question 21

Which layer of skin are tattoos embedded in?

Answer 21

the dermis

Question 22

What is in the dermis?

Answer 22

collagen fibers, nerves, glands, and blood vessels

Question 23

What is the role of the inflammatory response concerning tattoos?

Answer 23

Some macrophages trying to get rid of the ink get stuck and have no where to move making it visible on the skin

Question 24

What are the 2 pigments in the skin?

Answer 24

Melanin and carotene

Question 25

Carotene

Answer 25

orange-yellow and converted to vitamin A

Question 26

Melanin

Answer 26

brown or black, stored in melanosomes produced by melanocytes

Question 27

What is the function of melanin?

Answer 27

to protect skin by absorbing ultraviolet (UV) radiation

Question 28

What are the positives and negatives of UV light's abilities?

Answer 28

- allows for the synthesis of vitamin D3 - Folic Acid will eventually be depleted

Question 29

Where are melanocytes located?

Answer 29

in the deepest layer of the epidermis (stratum germinativum)

Question 30

How does melanin travel?

Answer 30

toward the surface within melanosomes

Question 31

What happens when blood vessels dilate?

Answer 31

erythema (skin reddens)

Question 32

What happens when blood supply to the surface decreases?

Answer 32

pallor/blanching (skin pales)

Question 33

Cyanosis

Answer 33

bluish skin tint caused by severe decrease in blood flow or oxygenation

Question 34

Jaundice

Answer 34

yellow color caused by liver dysfunction

Question 35

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

Answer 35

produced from cholesterol by epidermal cells in presence of UV rays

Question 36

What hormone is Vitamin D3 converted into by the kidney?

Answer 36

calcitriol

Question 37

What are the 6 functions of the integumentary system?

Answer 37

- Protection - Prevent H2O loss - Temp. regulation - Production - Sensory reception - Secretion & Excretion

Question 38

What are the layers (3) and structures of the integumentary system?

Answer 38

Layers: Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis Structures: hair, nails, exocrine glands

Question 39

What types of cells are in the dermis?

Answer 39

- connective tissue (loose and dense) - nerve cells - hair cells

Question 40

What types of cells are in the hypodermis?

Answer 40

- connective tissue cells

Question 41

What is the benefit of the epidermal ridges and dermal papillae that form between the epidermis and dermis?

Answer 41

they increase surface area for diffusion

Question 42

What type of tissue is the papillary layer made from?

Answer 42

loose connective tissue

Question 43

What types of tissue is the reticular layer made from?

Answer 43

dense connective tissue

Question 44

What type of tissue does the hypodermis consist of?

Answer 44

adipose tissue

Question 45

How does the integumentary system support the skeletal system?

Answer 45

- calcitriol is produced from being converted from Vitamin D3 - allows for calcium and phosphorous to absorbed by digestive system - strengthens bones

Question 46

What can mutations as a result of UV light lead to?

Answer 46

cancer

Question 47

What does calcitriol do as a hormone?

Answer 47

allows for digestive absorption of calcium and phosphorus

Question 48

What are the three types of skin cancer?

Answer 48

- basal cell carcinoma - squamous cell carcinoma - melanoma

Question 49

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Answer 49

- most common skin cancer - found in exposed areas of the skin - rarely spreads - highest risk people are those with fair hair and skin

Question 50

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Answer 50

- sometimes spreads, but generally curable - usually appears after 50 - common in African-American community

Question 51

Melanoma

Answer 51

- rarest type of cancer - develops in new or preexisting moles, can cause death - common in people below 30

Question 52

What do glands help with?

Answer 52

inhibiting bacterial growth and flushing microorganisms

Question 53

What happens when arrector pili muscles contract?

Answer 53

goosebumps

Question 54

What is the function of hair?

Answer 54

- Protects head, eyes, airways - guards eyes, nose, & ears against foreign particles - sensitive to very light touch (warning system)

Question 55

What is the function of nails?

Answer 55

protect the sensitive tips of fingers and toes

Question 56

Apocrine Sweat Glands

Answer 56

- sticky, cloudy secretion - can cause odors - armpits, groin, & nipples

Question 57

Merocrine (Eccrine) Sweat Glands

Answer 57

- cools the body - contains H2O, salts, lactic acid, waste products (urea), dermicidin (antibiotic) - flushes microorganisms & chemicals from skin

Question 58

Sebaceous Glands

Answer 58

- discharge sebum into hair follicles or directly onto skin - lubricates hair & skin - inhibits bacterial growth - acne develops when ducts are blocked & sebum accumulates beneath skin surface

Question 59

What specialized apocrine gland produces milk?

Answer 59

mammary gland

Question 60

What is in the perspiration from the eccrine gland?

Answer 60

water, salt, waste products (urea), antibiotic (dermcidin)

Question 61

First-Degree Burn (what is killed, injured, and feeling/appearance)

Answer 61

- superficial cells of epidermis - deeper layers of epidermis, papillary dermis - inflamed, tender

Question 62

Second-Degree Burn (what is killed, injured, and feeling/appearance)

Answer 62

- superficial and deeper layers of the epidermis, possibly the dermis - could extend to reticular layer, but accessory structures are not damaged - blisters, very painful

Question 63

Third-Degree Burn (what is killed, injured, and feeling/appearance)

Answer 63

- all epidermal and dermal cells - hypodermis and deeper tissues and organs - charred no sensation

Question 64

What happens to the integumentary system as you age?

Answer 64

Activity decreases

Question 65

What the 6 things that start to decrease in the integumentary system as you age?

Answer 65

- collagen and elastin - production of Vitamin D3 - sebaceous gland activity - sweat gland activity - melanin production - blood supply