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Anatomy & Physiology > Unit 2: Introduction to Tissues > Flashcards

Unit 2: Introduction to Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues – collections of cells that perform specific functions

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2
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissues?

A
  • Epithelial Tissue
  • Connective Tissue
  • Muscular Tissue
  • Nervous Tissue
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3
Q

What are the main two types of epithelial tissues?

A

Epithelial and Glandular

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4
Q

What are the functions (4) of epithelial tissue?

A

protection, absorption, secretion, sensation

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5
Q

What are the characteristics (5) of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Cells closely bound
  2. Have an apical (exposed) surface that may contain microvilli or cilia
  3. Attached to underlying CT by basement membrane
  4. Avascular
  5. Regeneration of damaged cells by stem cells
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6
Q

Microvilli

A

increase surface area for absorption/secretion

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7
Q

Cilia

A

move materials across cell surface

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8
Q

What are the classifications for epithelia?

A

simple, stratified, squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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9
Q

Simple Cuboidal (Function and Location)

A
  • secretion, absorption, protection
  • ducts, glands, kidneys, ovaries
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10
Q

Simple Columnar (Function and Location)

A
  • secret mucous and prevents damage
  • eyes, ears, mouth digestive tract
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11
Q

Stratified Squamous (Function and Location)

A
  • protects from damage/abrasion and pathogens
  • skin and internal organs that experience mechanical stress
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12
Q

Glandular Epithelial (Function and Location)

A
  • produce and release substances
  • glands, goblet cells, and pancreas
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13
Q

Transitional Epithelial (Function and Location)

A
  • expand and contract
  • urinary bladder and uterus
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14
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar (Function and Location)

A
  • trap foreign bodies and sweep them away
  • nasal passage and lung airways
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15
Q

Tight Junctions

A

prevent substances from moving through spaces between cells

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16
Q

What is an example of a tight junction?

A

cells lining the stomach and urinary bladder

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17
Q

Desmosomes

A

hold cells together tightly but allow materials to pass between cells

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18
Q

What is an example of a desmosome junction?

A

skin cells

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19
Q

Gap Junctions

A

channels that allow substances like ions to pass between cells

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20
Q

What is an example of a gap junction?

A

cardiac muscle cells

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21
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

release hormones into blood

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22
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces thru ducts

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23
Q

What are examples of exocrine secretions?

A

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

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24
Q

Merocrine

A

secretions released by cells
(sweat, saliva, mucus)

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25
Q

Apocrine

A

shed cytoplasm (mammary gland)

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26
Q

Holocrine

A

cells rupture (sebaceous gland, oil)

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27
Q

What does connective tissue consist of (3)?

A
  • Specialized cells
  • Protein fibers
  • Ground substance (fluid)
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28
Q

What forms the matrix?

A

ground substance + protein fibers

29
Q

What are the the functions (4) of connective tissue?

A
  • Support & Protection
  • Transport of materials
  • Energy storage
  • Immune defense
30
Q

Fibroblasts/fibrocytes

A

produce fibers, ground substance

31
Q

Macrophages

A

attack pathogens

32
Q

Adipocytes

A

fat cells

33
Q

Mast Cells

A

release chemicals after injury/infection

34
Q

Loose CT

A

fill spaces, cushion & support

35
Q

Dense CT

A

tough, durable

36
Q

What is an example of loose CT?

A

adipose tissue

37
Q

What is an example of dense CT?

A

tendons and ligaments

38
Q

What are examples of fluid CT?

A

blood and lymph

39
Q

What are examples of supporting CT?

A

Cartilage, chondrocytes, bone

40
Q

Cartilage

A

Provides shock absorption & protection, gel-like matrix

41
Q

Chondrocytes

A

surrounded by lacunae (chambers), avascular

42
Q

Bone (osseus tissue)

A

calcium salts create very hard matrix, collagen fibers provide flexibility, responsible for growth and repair

43
Q

Adipose tissue (function and location)

A
  • store and release lipids and triglycerides
  • found throughout the human body
44
Q

Fibrocartilage (function and location)

A

dense tissue with fibrous texture, forms intervertebral discs in the spine

45
Q

Elastic Cartilage (function and location)

A

provides strength and elasticity found in ears and nose

46
Q

Hyaline Cartilage (function and location)

A
  • support and reinforce body structures and joints
  • joint cavities, nose, trachea, larynx
47
Q

Membranes

A

consist of epithelium + CT

48
Q

What is the function of a membrane?

A

cover & protect

49
Q

What are the 4 types of membranes?

A

mucous, synovial, cutaneous, serous

50
Q

What does the mucous membrane do (provide location and function)?

A

-absorption & secretion
- line digestive, respiratory, urinary, & reproductive tracts
- Goblet cells secrete mucus onto surface to reduce friction
- CT is called lamina propria

51
Q

What does the serous membrane do?

A

serous fluid reduces friction between parietal & visceral layers of body cavities

52
Q

Serous Membrane

A

line body cavities

53
Q

What does the cutaneous membrane do?

A

waterproofing, protection, the skin

54
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A
  • line joint cavities
  • protect ends of bones
  • incomplete epithelium
  • synovial fluid reduces friction
55
Q

What does muscle tissue do?

A

Specialized for contraction to allow movement

56
Q

What are the muscle tissues?

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

57
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

striated voluntary

58
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

striated involuntary

59
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

nonstriated involuntary

60
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

specialized for conducting electrical impulses

61
Q

What are example of nervous tissue?

A

Brain & spinal cord, peripheral neurons (nerves)

62
Q

What are the main steps of tissue repair?

A
  1. Inflammatory response to injury/infection
  2. Regeneration (repair)
63
Q

What are the 4 things that happen after tissue is damaged?

A
  1. Mast Cells Trigger Inflammatory Response
  2. Scab Forms
  3. Fibroblasts form collagen meshwork
  4. Scar Tissue
64
Q
  1. Mast Cell Trigger Inflammatory Reponse
A

blood clots at breaks in blood vessels

65
Q
  1. Scab Forms
A
  • Stem cells divide & migrate along edges of wound
  • Macrophages clear debris & pathogens
66
Q
  1. Scar Tissue
A

fibrous & acellular w/ few blood vessels

67
Q

What happens as someone ages?

A

Speed & efficiency of tissue repair decreases with age

68
Q

Why does speed & efficiency of tissue repair decrease with age? (4)

A
  • Slower metabolism (but not until age 60)
  • Poor nutrition
  • Hormonal changes
  • Reduced activity

Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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