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Anatomy & Physiology > Unit 2: Introduction to Tissues > Flashcards

Unit 2: Introduction to Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues – collections of cells that perform specific functions

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2
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissues?

A
  • Epithelial Tissue
  • Connective Tissue
  • Muscular Tissue
  • Nervous Tissue
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3
Q

What are the main two types of epithelial tissues?

A

Epithelial and Glandular

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4
Q

What are the functions (4) of epithelial tissue?

A

protection, absorption, secretion, sensation

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5
Q

What are the characteristics (5) of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Cells closely bound
  2. Have an apical (exposed) surface that may contain microvilli or cilia
  3. Attached to underlying CT by basement membrane
  4. Avascular
  5. Regeneration of damaged cells by stem cells
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6
Q

Microvilli

A

increase surface area for absorption/secretion

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7
Q

Cilia

A

move materials across cell surface

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8
Q

What are the classifications for epithelia?

A

simple, stratified, squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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9
Q

Simple Cuboidal (Function and Location)

A
  • secretion, absorption, protection
  • ducts, glands, kidneys, ovaries
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10
Q

Simple Columnar (Function and Location)

A
  • secret mucous and prevents damage
  • eyes, ears, mouth digestive tract
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11
Q

Stratified Squamous (Function and Location)

A
  • protects from damage/abrasion and pathogens
  • skin and internal organs that experience mechanical stress
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12
Q

Glandular Epithelial (Function and Location)

A
  • produce and release substances
  • glands, goblet cells, and pancreas
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13
Q

Transitional Epithelial (Function and Location)

A
  • expand and contract
  • urinary bladder and uterus
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14
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar (Function and Location)

A
  • trap foreign bodies and sweep them away
  • nasal passage and lung airways
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15
Q

Tight Junctions

A

prevent substances from moving through spaces between cells

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16
Q

What is an example of a tight junction?

A

cells lining the stomach and urinary bladder

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17
Q

Desmosomes

A

hold cells together tightly but allow materials to pass between cells

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18
Q

What is an example of a desmosome junction?

A

skin cells

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19
Q

Gap Junctions

A

channels that allow substances like ions to pass between cells

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20
Q

What is an example of a gap junction?

A

cardiac muscle cells

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21
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

release hormones into blood

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22
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces thru ducts

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23
Q

What are examples of exocrine secretions?

A

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

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24
Q

Merocrine

A

secretions released by cells
(sweat, saliva, mucus)

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25
Apocrine
shed cytoplasm (mammary gland)
26
Holocrine
cells rupture (sebaceous gland, oil)
27
What does connective tissue consist of (3)?
- Specialized cells - Protein fibers - Ground substance (fluid)
28
What forms the matrix?
ground substance + protein fibers
29
What are the the functions (4) of connective tissue?
- Support & Protection - Transport of materials - Energy storage - Immune defense
30
Fibroblasts/fibrocytes
produce fibers, ground substance
31
Macrophages
attack pathogens
32
Adipocytes
fat cells
33
Mast Cells
release chemicals after injury/infection
34
Loose CT
fill spaces, cushion & support
35
Dense CT
tough, durable
36
What is an example of loose CT?
adipose tissue
37
What is an example of dense CT?
tendons and ligaments
38
What are examples of fluid CT?
blood and lymph
39
What are examples of supporting CT?
Cartilage, chondrocytes, bone
40
Cartilage
Provides shock absorption & protection, gel-like matrix
41
Chondrocytes
surrounded by lacunae (chambers), avascular
42
Bone (osseus tissue)
calcium salts create very hard matrix, collagen fibers provide flexibility, responsible for growth and repair
43
Adipose tissue (function and location)
- store and release lipids and triglycerides - found throughout the human body
44
Fibrocartilage (function and location)
dense tissue with fibrous texture, forms intervertebral discs in the spine
45
Elastic Cartilage (function and location)
provides strength and elasticity found in ears and nose
46
Hyaline Cartilage (function and location)
- support and reinforce body structures and joints - joint cavities, nose, trachea, larynx
47
Membranes
consist of epithelium + CT
48
What is the function of a membrane?
cover & protect
49
What are the 4 types of membranes?
mucous, synovial, cutaneous, serous
50
What does the mucous membrane do (provide location and function)?
-absorption & secretion - line digestive, respiratory, urinary, & reproductive tracts - Goblet cells secrete mucus onto surface to reduce friction - CT is called lamina propria
51
What does the serous membrane do?
serous fluid reduces friction between parietal & visceral layers of body cavities
52
Serous Membrane
line body cavities
53
What does the cutaneous membrane do?
waterproofing, protection, the skin
54
What does synovial fluid do?
- line joint cavities - protect ends of bones - incomplete epithelium - synovial fluid reduces friction
55
What does muscle tissue do?
Specialized for contraction to allow movement
56
What are the muscle tissues?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
57
Skeletal Muscle
striated voluntary
58
Cardiac Muscle
striated involuntary
59
Smooth Muscle
nonstriated involuntary
60
Nervous Tissue
specialized for conducting electrical impulses
61
What are example of nervous tissue?
Brain & spinal cord, peripheral neurons (nerves)
62
What are the main steps of tissue repair?
1. Inflammatory response to injury/infection 2. Regeneration (repair)
63
What are the 4 things that happen after tissue is damaged?
1. Mast Cells Trigger Inflammatory Response 2. Scab Forms 3. Fibroblasts form collagen meshwork 4. Scar Tissue
64
1. Mast Cell Trigger Inflammatory Reponse
blood clots at breaks in blood vessels
65
2. Scab Forms
- Stem cells divide & migrate along edges of wound - Macrophages clear debris & pathogens
66
4. Scar Tissue
fibrous & acellular w/ few blood vessels
67
What happens as someone ages?
Speed & efficiency of tissue repair decreases with age
68
Why does speed & efficiency of tissue repair decrease with age? (4)
- Slower metabolism (but not until age 60) - Poor nutrition - Hormonal changes - Reduced activity

Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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