Semester 1 Final Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of the physical structure of an organism
2
Q
Physiology
A
The study of the function of the individual parts, systems, and an organism as a whole
3
Q
What is physiology dependent on?
A
Anatomy, the structure the function matches
4
Q
What is the relationship between physiology and anatomy (3)?
A
- anatomy and physiology have a intertwined relationship
- anatomy focuses on physical structure, physiology focuses on the function of those structures
- Each clarifies the other going both ways
5
Q
What are the 6 levels of biological organization from smallest to highest?
A
- Atom
- Molecule
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
6
Q
Atom
A
basic unit of a chemical
7
Q
Molecule
A
a group of atoms bonded together
8
Q
Cell
A
makes up living things, smallest unit that can live on its own
9
Q
Tissue
A
cells that have a similar structure and function as a unit
10
Q
Organ
A
part of the body that performs a specific function
11
Q
Organ System
A
biological system that consists of multiple organs that work together to perform a certain number of actions
12
Q
Organism
A
a living thing composed of various things
13
Q
Homeostasis
A
All the body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
14
Q
Positive Feedback
A
the stimulus is amplified until the body reaches homeostasis again
15
Q
What is an example of positive feedback?
A
childbirth
16
Q
Negative Feedback
A
the stimulus is stopped to reach homeostasis
17
Q
What is an example of negative feedback?
A
shivering
18
Q
Stimulus
A
anything that provokes a response in an organism
19
Q
Effector
A
carries out response
20
Q
Integrator
A
determines a response
21
Q
Receptor
A
receives/detects a stimulus
22
Q
Control Center
A
processes signal
23
Q
Anatomical Position
A
facing forward with hands at sides and palms facing forward
24
Q
Superior
A
higher than another structure in the body
25
Inferior
lower than another structure in the body
26
Anterior
more in the front than another structure in the body
27
Posterior
more in the back than another structure in the body
28
Medial
more in the middle than another structure in the body
29
Lateral
less in the middle than another structure in the body
30
Proximal
closer to the base of a limb than another structure in the limbs
31
Distal
further away from the base of a limb than another structure in the limbs
32
Superficial
closer to the surface than another structure in the body
33
Deep
further from the surface than another structure in the body
34
What are the 11 systems in the body?
- Digestive
- Integumentary
- Lymphatic
- Cardiovascular
- Muscular
- Reproductive
- Urinary
- Skeletal
- Respiratory
- Endocrine
- Nervous
35
Digestive System
used for digestion, breaks down food in order to take out the nutrients then eliminate things that cannot be broken down
36
Integumentary System
focuses on temperature regulation, cell fluid maintenance, the synthesizing of DNA, and detecting stimuli
37
Lymphatic System
protects the body from outside invaders
38
Cardiovascular System
delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other things to the body
39
Muscular System
responsible for the movement of the body, made up of cells called muscle fibers
40
Reproductive System
produces egg and sperm cells, also a place for a baby to develop
41
Urinary System
filters blood and creates urine as waste
42
Skeletal System
serves as a supporting structure for the body
43
Respiratory System
brings in fresh air and gets rid of waste air
44
Endocrine System
made up of body's different hormones and controls biological processes throughout life
45
Nervous System
aids with other parts of the body communicating with each other
46
How many abdominopelvic regions are there?
9
47
Region 1
Right Hypochondriac Region
48
Region 2
Epigastric Region
49
Region 3
Left Hypochondriac Region
50
Region 4
Right Lumbar Region
51
Region 5
Umbilical Region
52
Region 6
Left Lumbar Region
53
Region 7
Right Inguinal Region
54
Region 8
Hypogastric Region
55
Region 9
Left Inguinal Region
56
Quadrant 1
Upper Right Quadrant
57
Quadrant 2
Upper Left Quadrant
58
Quadrant 3
Lower Right Quadrant
59
Quadrant 4
Lower Left Quadrant
60
What are the 4 types of tissue?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscular
- Nervous
61
What are the 5 characteristics of epithelia?
- They are closely bound
- Have apical (exposed) surface that may contain microvilli or cilia
- Attached to underlying CT by basement membrane
- Avascular
- Regeneration of damaged cells by stem cells
62
What are the 4 function of epithelia?
- Protection
- Absorption
- Secretion
- Sensation
63
Endocrine Glands
release hormones into the blood
64
Exocrine Glands
produce secretions on epithelial surfaces through ducts
65
What are the 4 functions of connective tissue?
- Support and Protection
- Transport of Materials
- Energy Storage
- Immune Defense
66
What are the 4 types of connective tissue?
- Fibroblasts and Fibrocytes
- Macrophages
- Adipocytes
- Mast Cells
67
Fibroblasts and Fibrocytes
produce fibers, ground substance
68
Macrophages
attack pathogens
69
Adipocytes
fat cells
70
Mast Cells
release chemical after injury/infection
71
What are the 2 types of connective tissue?
- Loose CT
- Dense CT
72
What are chondrocytes?
surrounded by lacunae( chambers) and are avascular
73
What are adipocytes?
fat cells that provide insulation and cushioning
74
What does the matrix in CT consist of?
ground substance and protein fibers
75
Why does damaged cartilage heal slowly?
has low access to oxygen and receives its nutrients through diffusion
76
What is a membrane made up of?
epithelial and CT
77
What are the 4 types of membranes?
- Mucous
- Synovial
- Cutaneous
- Serous
78
Mucous Membrane
secretion and absorption
79
Synovial Membrane
line joint cavities to reduce friction
80
Cutaneous Membrane
waterproofs and provides protection to the skin
81
Serous Membrane
line body cavities
82
What kind of membrane is skin referred to?
cutaneous
83
Nervous Tissue
tissue that is specialized for conducting electrical impulses
84
Muscular Tissue
specialized for contraction to allow movement
85
What types of muscular tissue is there?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
86
The muscle tissue found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels
smooth muscle
87
Tissue that is specialized for contraction
cardiac muscle
88
Tissue that allows for humans to move and perform daily activities
skeletal muscle
89
What is the correct order of the layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
90
What skin layer is at the surface of the epidermis?
Stratum Corneum
91
What structures make up the integumentary system?
hair, nails, exocrine glands
92
What are the 6 functions of the integumentary system?
- Protection
- Prevent H2O loss
- Temperature Regulation
- Production
- Sensory Reception
- Secretion and Excretion
93
What about secretions prevents infection from microorganisms?
dermcidin, an antibiotic, helps flush microorganisms and chemicals from the skin
94
What can mutations in the DNA of epidermal cells upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation result in?
skin cancer
95
Why do some people have very dark skin?
they have a lot of brown or black melanin
96
What is the most dangerous type of skin cancer?
Melanoma
97
What happens when the arrector pili muscles contract?
goosebumps appear
98
What are the 3 main functions of hair?
- To protect the head, eyes, and airways
- To guard the eyes nose, and ears from foreign particles
- To serve as a warning system as it is sensitive to light touch
99
What are specialized sweat glands that produce milk called?
Modified Apocrine Glands
100
What is the condition that results from blocked sebaceous glands filled with sebum called?
acne
101
What does perspiration consist?
- Water (99%)
- Salts
- Urea (waste products)
- Lactic Acid
- Dermcidin (antibiotic)
102
What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?
- Support
- Storage of Minerals and lipids
- Blood cell production
- Protection
- Leverage
103
What are the 4 bones cells that make up bone?
- Osteocytes
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoprogenitors
- Osteoclasts
104
Osteocytes (5)
- mature bone cell within the lacunae
- nutrients and waste travels through the canaliculi
- do not divide
- maintain their structure through recycling calcium salt
- assist in repair
105
Osteoblasts (3)
- Immature bone cells make new bone (osteogenesis)
- Produces protein which promotes Ca salt deposition
- differentiate into osteocytes when surrounded by calcified matrix
106
Osteoprogenitors
stem cells
107
Osteoclasts
- dissolve bone matrix, osteolysis (or reabsorption) to regulate Ca and PO4 in body fluids
108
Red Marrow (2)
- found in spongy bone
- responsible for supplying nutrients and removing waste from osteocytes
109
Yellow Marrow (2)
- found in the marrow cavity
- responsible for storing fat
110
What are the cytoplasmic extensions of bone cells responsible for nutrient delivery and waste removal called?
canaliculi
111
What network of bony rods is spongy bone made up of?
trabeculae
112
What is the function of perforating canals?
to link central canals with blood vessels in the periosteum and marrow
113
What is the connective tissue covering the outer surface of a bone called?
Periosteum
114
Which mineral salt accounts for almost two-thirds of the mass of bone tissue?
CaPO4
115
What provides osteocytes within trabeculae nutrients and oxygen and allows them to eliminate wastes?
Canaliculi
116
What are structures composed of osteocytes arranged in lamellae around a central canal found in compact bone called?
Osteons
117
How do bones grow in diameter in appositional bone growth?
Bones grow in diameter through more bone being deposited by osteoblasts, then absorbed by osteoclasts
118
Which hormones contribute to bone growth and development (3)?
Calcitriol, growth hormones, and sex hormones
119
Which vitamins contribute to bone growth and development (2)?
- Vitamins K, C, and B12 are used to synthesize proteins
- Vitamin A and C are used to stimulate osteoblasts
120
What is osteopenia?
Osteopenia is the weakening and thinning of the bones
121
What causes osteopenia?
caused by a decrease in the osteoblast’s activity
122
What are the major bones in the axial skeleton (3)?
- Skull
- Thoracic Cage
- Vertebral Column
123
What are the major bones in the appendicular skeleton (3)?
- Limbs
- Pectoral girdle
- Pelvic girdle
124
What happens to range of motion/mobility the strength of a joint increases?
it also increases
125
What bones are in the pelvis (3)?
- sacrum
- hip bones
- coccyx
126
In the knee where is the body's weight from the femur transferred?
tibia
127
What is the flexion of a joint?
the appendage moves closer to the body
128
What is the extension of a joint?
the appendage moves further from the body
129
What structure surrounds a synovial joint?
joint capsule
130
What 3 things does the synovial fluid do?
- providing lubrication
- nutrient distribution
- shock absorption
131
What is a small, synovial-fluid-filled packet that prevents tendons and ligaments from rubbing against other tissues called?
meniscus
132
Articulation
Structure determines range of motion
133
Supination
when the palm and forearm face up
134
Pronation
when palm and forearm face down
135
Hyperextension
when leg and head are all the way back
136
Abduction
when arm moves up to a 90 degree angle
137
Adduction
when arm moves closer to the body
138
Circumduction
arm's ability to move in a full circle
