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Anatomy & Physiology > Semester 1 Final > Flashcards

Semester 1 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the physical structure of an organism

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the function of the individual parts, systems, and an organism as a whole

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3
Q

What is physiology dependent on?

A

Anatomy, the structure the function matches

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4
Q

What is the relationship between physiology and anatomy (3)?

A
  • anatomy and physiology have a intertwined relationship
  • anatomy focuses on physical structure, physiology focuses on the function of those structures
  • Each clarifies the other going both ways
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5
Q

What are the 6 levels of biological organization from smallest to highest?

A
  • Atom
  • Molecule
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ System
  • Organism
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6
Q

Atom

A

basic unit of a chemical

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7
Q

Molecule

A

a group of atoms bonded together

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8
Q

Cell

A

makes up living things, smallest unit that can live on its own

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9
Q

Tissue

A

cells that have a similar structure and function as a unit

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10
Q

Organ

A

part of the body that performs a specific function

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11
Q

Organ System

A

biological system that consists of multiple organs that work together to perform a certain number of actions

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12
Q

Organism

A

a living thing composed of various things

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13
Q

Homeostasis

A

All the body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment

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14
Q

Positive Feedback

A

the stimulus is amplified until the body reaches homeostasis again

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15
Q

What is an example of positive feedback?

A

childbirth

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16
Q

Negative Feedback

A

the stimulus is stopped to reach homeostasis

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17
Q

What is an example of negative feedback?

A

shivering

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18
Q

Stimulus

A

anything that provokes a response in an organism

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19
Q

Effector

A

carries out response

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20
Q

Integrator

A

determines a response

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21
Q

Receptor

A

receives/detects a stimulus

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22
Q

Control Center

A

processes signal

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23
Q

Anatomical Position

A

facing forward with hands at sides and palms facing forward

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24
Q

Superior

A

higher than another structure in the body

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25
Q

Inferior

A

lower than another structure in the body

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26
Q

Anterior

A

more in the front than another structure in the body

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27
Q

Posterior

A

more in the back than another structure in the body

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28
Q

Medial

A

more in the middle than another structure in the body

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29
Q

Lateral

A

less in the middle than another structure in the body

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30
Q

Proximal

A

closer to the base of a limb than another structure in the limbs

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31
Q

Distal

A

further away from the base of a limb than another structure in the limbs

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32
Q

Superficial

A

closer to the surface than another structure in the body

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33
Q

Deep

A

further from the surface than another structure in the body

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34
Q

What are the 11 systems in the body?

A
  • Digestive
  • Integumentary
  • Lymphatic
  • Cardiovascular
  • Muscular
  • Reproductive
  • Urinary
  • Skeletal
  • Respiratory
  • Endocrine
  • Nervous
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35
Q

Digestive System

A

used for digestion, breaks down food in order to take out the nutrients then eliminate things that cannot be broken down

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36
Q

Integumentary System

A

focuses on temperature regulation, cell fluid maintenance, the synthesizing of DNA, and detecting stimuli

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37
Q

Lymphatic System

A

protects the body from outside invaders

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38
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other things to the body

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39
Q

Muscular System

A

responsible for the movement of the body, made up of cells called muscle fibers

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40
Q

Reproductive System

A

produces egg and sperm cells, also a place for a baby to develop

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41
Q

Urinary System

A

filters blood and creates urine as waste

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42
Q

Skeletal System

A

serves as a supporting structure for the body

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43
Q

Respiratory System

A

brings in fresh air and gets rid of waste air

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44
Q

Endocrine System

A

made up of body’s different hormones and controls biological processes throughout life

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45
Q

Nervous System

A

aids with other parts of the body communicating with each other

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46
Q

How many abdominopelvic regions are there?

A

9

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47
Q

Region 1

A

Right Hypochondriac Region

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48
Q

Region 2

A

Epigastric Region

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49
Q

Region 3

A

Left Hypochondriac Region

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50
Q

Region 4

A

Right Lumbar Region

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51
Q

Region 5

A

Umbilical Region

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52
Q

Region 6

A

Left Lumbar Region

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53
Q

Region 7

A

Right Inguinal Region

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54
Q

Region 8

A

Hypogastric Region

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55
Q

Region 9

A

Left Inguinal Region

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56
Q

Quadrant 1

A

Upper Right Quadrant

57
Q

Quadrant 2

A

Upper Left Quadrant

58
Q

Quadrant 3

A

Lower Right Quadrant

59
Q

Quadrant 4

A

Lower Left Quadrant

60
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
61
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of epithelia?

A
  • They are closely bound
  • Have apical (exposed) surface that may contain microvilli or cilia
  • Attached to underlying CT by basement membrane
  • Avascular
  • Regeneration of damaged cells by stem cells
62
Q

What are the 4 function of epithelia?

A
  • Protection
  • Absorption
  • Secretion
  • Sensation
63
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

release hormones into the blood

64
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

produce secretions on epithelial surfaces through ducts

65
Q

What are the 4 functions of connective tissue?

A
  • Support and Protection
  • Transport of Materials
  • Energy Storage
  • Immune Defense
66
Q

What are the 4 types of connective tissue?

A
  • Fibroblasts and Fibrocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Adipocytes
  • Mast Cells
67
Q

Fibroblasts and Fibrocytes

A

produce fibers, ground substance

68
Q

Macrophages

A

attack pathogens

69
Q

Adipocytes

A

fat cells

70
Q

Mast Cells

A

release chemical after injury/infection

71
Q

What are the 2 types of connective tissue?

A
  • Loose CT
  • Dense CT
72
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

surrounded by lacunae( chambers) and are avascular

73
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

fat cells that provide insulation and cushioning

74
Q

What does the matrix in CT consist of?

A

ground substance and protein fibers

75
Q

Why does damaged cartilage heal slowly?

A

has low access to oxygen and receives its nutrients through diffusion

76
Q

What is a membrane made up of?

A

epithelial and CT

77
Q

What are the 4 types of membranes?

A
  • Mucous
  • Synovial
  • Cutaneous
  • Serous
78
Q

Mucous Membrane

A

secretion and absorption

79
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

line joint cavities to reduce friction

80
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

waterproofs and provides protection to the skin

81
Q

Serous Membrane

A

line body cavities

82
Q

What kind of membrane is skin referred to?

A

cutaneous

83
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

tissue that is specialized for conducting electrical impulses

84
Q

Muscular Tissue

A

specialized for contraction to allow movement

85
Q

What types of muscular tissue is there?

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

86
Q

The muscle tissue found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels

A

smooth muscle

87
Q

Tissue that is specialized for contraction

A

cardiac muscle

88
Q

Tissue that allows for humans to move and perform daily activities

A

skeletal muscle

89
Q

What is the correct order of the layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

90
Q

What skin layer is at the surface of the epidermis?

A

Stratum Corneum

91
Q

What structures make up the integumentary system?

A

hair, nails, exocrine glands

92
Q

What are the 6 functions of the integumentary system?

A
  • Protection
  • Prevent H2O loss
  • Temperature Regulation
  • Production
  • Sensory Reception
  • Secretion and Excretion
93
Q

What about secretions prevents infection from microorganisms?

A

dermcidin, an antibiotic, helps flush microorganisms and chemicals from the skin

94
Q

What can mutations in the DNA of epidermal cells upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation result in?

A

skin cancer

95
Q

Why do some people have very dark skin?

A

they have a lot of brown or black melanin

96
Q

What is the most dangerous type of skin cancer?

A

Melanoma

97
Q

What happens when the arrector pili muscles contract?

A

goosebumps appear

98
Q

What are the 3 main functions of hair?

A
  • To protect the head, eyes, and airways
  • To guard the eyes nose, and ears from foreign particles
  • To serve as a warning system as it is sensitive to light touch
99
Q

What are specialized sweat glands that produce milk called?

A

Modified Apocrine Glands

100
Q

What is the condition that results from blocked sebaceous glands filled with sebum called?

A

acne

101
Q

What does perspiration consist?

A
  • Water (99%)
  • Salts
  • Urea (waste products)
  • Lactic Acid
  • Dermcidin (antibiotic)
102
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Support
  • Storage of Minerals and lipids
  • Blood cell production
  • Protection
  • Leverage
103
Q

What are the 4 bones cells that make up bone?

A
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteoprogenitors
  • Osteoclasts
104
Q

Osteocytes (5)

A
  • mature bone cell within the lacunae
  • nutrients and waste travels through the canaliculi
  • do not divide
  • maintain their structure through recycling calcium salt
  • assist in repair
105
Q

Osteoblasts (3)

A
  • Immature bone cells make new bone (osteogenesis)
  • Produces protein which promotes Ca salt deposition
  • differentiate into osteocytes when surrounded by calcified matrix
106
Q

Osteoprogenitors

A

stem cells

107
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • dissolve bone matrix, osteolysis (or reabsorption) to regulate Ca and PO4 in body fluids
108
Q

Red Marrow (2)

A
  • found in spongy bone
  • responsible for supplying nutrients and removing waste from osteocytes
109
Q

Yellow Marrow (2)

A
  • found in the marrow cavity
  • responsible for storing fat
110
Q

What are the cytoplasmic extensions of bone cells responsible for nutrient delivery and waste removal called?

A

canaliculi

111
Q

What network of bony rods is spongy bone made up of?

A

trabeculae

112
Q

What is the function of perforating canals?

A

to link central canals with blood vessels in the periosteum and marrow

113
Q

What is the connective tissue covering the outer surface of a bone called?

A

Periosteum

114
Q

Which mineral salt accounts for almost two-thirds of the mass of bone tissue?

A

CaPO4

115
Q

What provides osteocytes within trabeculae nutrients and oxygen and allows them to eliminate wastes?

A

Canaliculi

116
Q

What are structures composed of osteocytes arranged in lamellae around a central canal found in compact bone called?

A

Osteons

117
Q

How do bones grow in diameter in appositional bone growth?

A

Bones grow in diameter through more bone being deposited by osteoblasts, then absorbed by osteoclasts

118
Q

Which hormones contribute to bone growth and development (3)?

A

Calcitriol, growth hormones, and sex hormones

119
Q

Which vitamins contribute to bone growth and development (2)?

A
  • Vitamins K, C, and B12 are used to synthesize proteins
  • Vitamin A and C are used to stimulate osteoblasts
120
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

Osteopenia is the weakening and thinning of the bones

121
Q

What causes osteopenia?

A

caused by a decrease in the osteoblast’s activity

122
Q

What are the major bones in the axial skeleton (3)?

A
  • Skull
  • Thoracic Cage
  • Vertebral Column
123
Q

What are the major bones in the appendicular skeleton (3)?

A
  • Limbs
  • Pectoral girdle
  • Pelvic girdle
124
Q

What happens to range of motion/mobility the strength of a joint increases?

A

it also increases

125
Q

What bones are in the pelvis (3)?

A
  • sacrum
  • hip bones
  • coccyx
126
Q

In the knee where is the body’s weight from the femur transferred?

A

tibia

127
Q

What is the flexion of a joint?

A

the appendage moves closer to the body

128
Q

What is the extension of a joint?

A

the appendage moves further from the body

129
Q

What structure surrounds a synovial joint?

A

joint capsule

130
Q

What 3 things does the synovial fluid do?

A
  • providing lubrication
  • nutrient distribution
  • shock absorption
131
Q

What is a small, synovial-fluid-filled packet that prevents tendons and ligaments from rubbing against other tissues called?

A

meniscus

132
Q

Articulation

A

Structure determines range of motion

133
Q

Supination

A

when the palm and forearm face up

134
Q

Pronation

A

when palm and forearm face down

135
Q

Hyperextension

A

when leg and head are all the way back

136
Q

Abduction

A

when arm moves up to a 90 degree angle

137
Q

Adduction

A

when arm moves closer to the body

138
Q

Circumduction

A

arm’s ability to move in a full circle

Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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