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Biology Honors > Unit 6 - Evolution Study Guide > Flashcards

Unit 6 - Evolution Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the atmosphere of early Earth. What key component was missing?

A

Gases from volcanoes helped form early atmosphere that included:
- H2O
- CO2
- N2
☆ NO O2 PRESENT

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2
Q

When/where did life begin on our planet?

A

3.4-3.9 billion years ago: Life originated in the oceans

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3
Q

How did Earth’s oceans form?

A

4.4 billion years ago: Earth cooled enough for H2O in the atmosphere to condense into rain

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4
Q

Relative dating vs. Radiometric dating

A

Relative Dating = a comparison of age based on surrounding fossils

Radiometric Dating = uses radiometric decay to determine exact age

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5
Q

4 steps scientists believe happened for living organisms to be on Earth:

A
  1. Simple elements (like C, H, O, N) had to exist
    →Evidence: atmosphere gases including NH3 (ammonia), H2O (vapor), CH4 (methane)
  2. Organic compounds (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) were formed when the simple elements came together.
    →Evidence: Oparin’s hypothesis was tested by MIller and Urey- produced amino acids
  3. Organic compounds become concentrated and enclosed in a membrane
    →Evidence: we can create “cell-like” structures called coacervates and microspheres; aren’t living but grow and reproduce
  4. Metabolic processes must occur to create LIVING cells
    →Evidence: can’t be experimented on because TIME is key
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6
Q

Chemical spontaneous generation vs. spontaneous generation

A

Chemical spontaneous generation - Failed theory that life originated out of non-living matter
Spontaneous generation - Failed theory that life could form from non-living matter

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7
Q

What did Redi, Pasteur, Oparin, and Miller and Urey do relating to formation of life on Earth?

A

Redi - Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation, proving life comes from life; fly/maggot experiment
Pasteur - Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation, proving life comes from life; broth experiment
Oparin - Hypothesized life began in oceans when heat triggered chemical reactions producing organic molecules from atmospheric gases
Miller & Urey - Proved Oparin’s hypothesis right; weird-tube experiment that produced organic molecules

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8
Q

Characteristics of the first life on our planet

A
  • Unicellular
  • Prokaryotic
  • Asexual
  • Anaerobic
  • Heterotrophic
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9
Q

Chemosynthesizing vs. photosynthesizing organisms- Which are believed to have been on Earth first?

A

Chemosynthesizing organisms- may have been the first type of metabolism that evolved on Earth, developing into cellular respiration and photosynthesis later

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10
Q

Lamarck’s two hypothesis:

A
  1. Organisms develop characteristics by the use or disuse of a body part
  2. Acquired characteristics are traits gained during its lifetime (DISPROVED)
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11
Q

What evidence did Darwin have to support his idea of evolution?

A

comparative anatomy - studied finch’s beaks from embryonic structures

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12
Q

4 main ideas of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution:

A
  1. Competition - overpopulation causes competition over resources
  2. Overpopulation - species produce to many that not all survive till adulthood (ex. fish)
  3. Variation - slight differences in species (ex. stripes on zebra)
  4. Survival of the Fittest -those best suited to survive pass on “good” traits
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13
Q

How does natural selection relate to evolution?

A

Animals that have the better traits are more likely to survive (natural selection) and evolve (evolution); natural selection is 1 mechanism of evolution

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14
Q

Species & Speciation

A

Species - population that can interbreed successfully and produce fertile offspring; CANNOT breed successfully with other groups; determined by morphology (internal/external structures)
Speciation - creation of new species

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15
Q

Geographic Isolation vs. Reproductive Isolation (with examples)

A

Geographic Isolation - separation of species by physical barrier forming new species
Reproductive Isolation - incompatible behavior keeps organisms from reproducing

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16
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

small periods of change interrupt long stable periods (typically caused by natural disasters)

17
Q

6 pieces of evidence for evolution:

A
  1. Comparative Anatomy
  2. Homologous Structures
  3. Analogous Structures
  4. Vestigial Structures
  5. Embryological Similarities - similiar early stages of different embryos
  6. Biochemical Similarities - similar DNA and proteins in similar organisms (ex. human & chimp have 99% same DNA)
18
Q

What happens during coevolution, convergent evolution and divergent evolution?

A

Coevolution - 2+ species evolve in close association to one another (ex. bat and flowers they feed on)
Convergent Evolution - 2 species look very similar but have no common ancestor, becoming more alike over time (ex. sharks and porpoises)
Divergent Evolution - 2+ species with a common ancestor become less alike, usually because of environment

19
Q

Three types of natural selection

A

Stabilizing selection
Disruptive selection
Directional selection

20
Q

Taxonomy

A

System of classification for organisms

21
Q

6 Kingdoms of classification (give examples):

A

Domain (ex.
Kingdom (ex.
Phylum (ex.
Class (ex.
Order (ex.
Family (ex.
Genus (ex.
Species (ex.

22
Q

Major Event Timeline

A

4.6 billion years ago = Earth forms as hot, colliding meteorites

4.4 billion years ago - Earth cooled enough for H2O in the atmosphere to condense into RAIN

3.4-3.9 billion years ago - Life originated in the oceans

23
Q

In what do fossils form:

A

Sedimentary rock is best like sand, silt, or clay; also in ice, amber, and tar pits

24
Q

Gradualism

A

changes slowly not suddenly

25
Q

Artificial selection

A

breeding of organisms by humans to get specific traits

26
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

many species evolve from a 1 common ancestor

27
Q

Archaebacteria characteristics

A
  • Unicellular
  • Prokaryotes
  • Autotrophs/Heterotrophs
  • NO NUCLEUS
  • Live in extreme environments
28
Q

Eubacteria characteristics

A
  • Unicellular
  • Prokaryotes
  • Autotroph/heterotroph
  • MOST HAVE CELL WALLS
  • Live almost anywhere
29
Q

Protista characteristics

A
  • MOSTLY unicellular
  • Eukaryotes
  • Autotrophs/heterotrophs
30
Q

Fungi characteristics

A
  • MOSTLY multicellular
  • Eukaryotes
  • Heterotrophs
  • HAVE CELL WALLS (chitin)
31
Q

Plantae characteristics

A
  • Multicellular
  • Eukaryotes
  • Autotrophs
  • HAVE CELL WALLS (cellulose)
32
Q

Animalia

A
  • Multicellular
  • Eukaryotes
  • Heterotrophs
33
Q

Phylogeny

A

classifying organisms based on evolutionary traits

34
Q

4 processes of evolution

A
  1. Mutation
  2. Migration
  3. Genetic Drift
  4. Natural Selection
35
Q

3 sources of genetic variation

A
  1. Mutations
  2. Gene Flow
  3. Sex
36
Q

Causes of mutations

A
  1. DNA randomly breaks down or isn’t copied correctly
  2. External influences- ex. exposure to chemicals or radiation
37
Q

4 main ideas of Darwin’s idea of evolution by natural selection

A
  • overpopulation
  • variation
  • inheritance
    … (needs to be finished)

Biology Honors (12 decks)

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