Unit 5 - Genetics & Biotechnology Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Allele

A

multiple versions of a gene (ex. R or r)

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2
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Small amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the baby is removed to analyze its DNA
- Used to detect birth defects BEFORE birth
- Cells from baby are in fluid

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3
Q

Autosome

A

a non-sex chromosome; chromosomes # 1-44

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4
Q

Bacterial/Genetic Transformation

A

process of inserting DNA from one species into another creating a transgenic organism

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5
Q

Biotechnology

A

Changing individual genes of organisms to get a desired trait; aka genetic engineering

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6
Q

Cloning

A

production of organisms with identical genes; vegetative propogation, grafting, or whole organism

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7
Q

Co-dominance

A

equally dominant; results in both traits being shown (red + white = stripped or spotted)

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8
Q

Color Blindness

A

sex-linked trait causing a failure to distinguish between certain colors; usually red and green

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9
Q

Crossing Over

A

chromatids swap genetic info so each sex cell will have unique genetic material

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10
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

autosomal recessive gene disease causing lots of mucus accumulates lungs and digestive tract

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11
Q

Diabetes

A

Disease causing failure of the body to produce insulin (type I) or the development of insulin resistance over time (type II)

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12
Q

DNA fingerprint

A

Pattern of bands in a gel created during electrophoresis that is unique for all of the members of a sexually-reproducing population

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13
Q

Dominant

A

stronger allele that overshadows recessive (R or T)

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14
Q

Down’s Syndrome

A

People that have 3 copies of chromosome #21; AKA trisomy 21

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15
Q

Fertilization

A

Egg and sperm join

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16
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

Technique used to separate DNA fragments according to their size using negative and positive charges

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17
Q

Gene

A

Carries info that determines traits; basic unit of heredity

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18
Q

Gene Therapy

A

replacing defective genes with normal ones to cure disease

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19
Q

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

A

Organism whose genome has been changed by genetic engineering

20
Q

Genetics

A

study of heredity

21
Q

Genome

A

all genetic material in an organism

22
Q

Genotype

A

genetic description or sequence (ex. RR, Rr, rr)

23
Q

Hemophilia

A

sex-linked gene disease causing lack of a blood clotting protein; can bleed to death from a simple cut/bruise

24
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles (Rr)

25
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

pair of chromosomes with the same genetic info

26
Q

Homozygous

A

2 same alleles (RR, rr)

27
Q

Human Genome Project

A

Project started in 1990 to sequence the 3 billion base pairs of human DNA (finished in 2001) and to map our 20,000 genes (still ongoing)

28
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Autosomal dominant gene disease causing nerve cells to breaks down; starts around 35, death by 45

29
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

neither gene is dominant; results in a blending of the two traits (ex. red + white = pink)

30
Q

Karyotype

A

Visual of an organisms chromosomes to analyze

31
Q

Meiosis

A

process that produces sex cells by dividing body cells twice

32
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

Different versions of a gene

33
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis causing genetic diseases like Down Syndrome

34
Q

Pedigree

A

Chart that shows the inheritance of traits in a family

35
Q

Phenotype

A

physical description of a trait (ex. red, spotted, tall)

36
Q

Plasmid

A

Tiny rings of DNA found in bacteria located outside their large circular chromosome, that often contain genes for antibiotic resistance and that we use to carry human genes in biotech, like the gene for insulin

37
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

trait with a lot of possible phenotypes are controlled by more than one gene (ex. height, skin color, weight, eye color, hair color)

38
Q

Punnett Square

A

used to predict genotypes of offspring
⁕must know parents genotypes

39
Q

Recessive

A

weaker allele; sometimes hidden (r or t)

40
Q

Restriction Enzyme

A

proteins that cut DNA into fragments; “molecular scissors”

41
Q

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

A

sex-linked recessive gene disorder causing lack of immune system; successfully treated in sometimes with gene therapy; AKA bubble boy syndrome

42
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that determine gender & gender related issues; X and Y

43
Q

Sex-Linked Traits

A

traits determined by genes in sex chromosomes

44
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Disease caused by mutation in DNA resulting in defective hemoglobin and leading to crescent-shaped red blood cells; carriers are immune to malaria

45
Q

Transgenic Organism

A

Genetically-modified organism (GMO) that contains DNA from another species (foreign DNA); (ex. glowing mouse or a frost-resistant strawberry plant)

46
Q

Variation

A

difference in genome

47
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg