Unit 4 - Cell Replication Vocab Flashcards
Active Immunity
Antibodies produced by the body from previous exposure to pathogen; long-term protection
Adult stem cells
unspecialized/undifferentiated cells, that haven’t developed into a specific cell type
AID (Sacquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
Disease caused by HIV that kills T cells in the immune system, but most people don’t develop it because there is HIV treatment
Antibiotic
treatment for bacterial infections
Antibody
Y-shaped protein that attaches to invader and signals their destruction by white blood cells
Anti-Codon
nitrogen bases on a tRNA molecule- complementary to the 3 codons on mRNA
Antiviral
treatment for viral infections
Asexual reproduction
Reproduction with one parent, where offspring is identical to parent
B- cell
White blood cell that makes antiBodies
Cancer
Uncontrolled cell division
Cell cycle
life cycle of a cell that consists of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
Cholera
Bacterial infection in the intestine caused by contaminated water, resulting in severe vomiting and diarrhea
Chromatin
Genetic material made of DNA and protein that form chromosomes; only found during interphase
Chromosomes
- carries genetic info that is passed to new cells in cell division
- made of chromatin (DNA molecule and protein) that make two chromatids and a centromere
Codon
nitrogen base of a set of 3 on a mRNA molecule that code for a specific amino acid
Complementary Base Pairing
Nitrogen bases pairings:
DNA- A to T, C to G
RNA- A to U, C to G
Cytokinesis
last step of the cell cycle, when the cell membrane pinches, and the cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells
Daughter cells
Cells produced from cell division of a single parent cell in mitosis or meiosis
Deoxyribose
sugar in DNA
Differentiation/Specialization
process during embryonic development where stem cells develop into a specific cell type by developing into a different structure and function
DNA replication
DNA is copied and duplicated to be used in the two daughter cells
Double helix
shape of DNA
Dutch Elm Disease
Fungal disease of elm trees spread by beetles
Embryonic stem cells
cell of early embryo that is undifferentiated; valuable to researchers
Hydrogen bond
bond between nitrogen bases of DNA that can be easily broken during unzipping
Influenza
viral disease which caused a deadly epidemic in 1918 and still kills lots of people every year
Interphase
longest phase of the cell cycle consisting of G1, S, and G2 in which the cell is resting and copying its DNA
Malaria
Parasitic disease caused by the protist Plasmodium and spread by mosquitoes in tropical regions
Mitosis
Cell division that replicates its chromosomes and then seperates them, making two identical daughter cells
mRNA
messengar RNA; single stranded molecule as a copy from DNA through Transcription, carries the DNA code to the ribosome to match up with amino acid
Mutation
Mistake/change in the normal DNA sequence; random OR caused by radiation, tobacco smoke, and chemical exposure
Nitrogen base
part of Nucleotide; A, T, G, and C in DNA; A, U, G, and C in RNA
Passive immunity
short-term protection when a person gets antibodies from another source; person does not make them
Pfiesteria
Group of protists that cause large algal blooms and fish kills off the coast of NC
Protein synthesis
process that makes proteins by transcription and translation
Ribose
sugar in RNA
rRNA
ribosomal RNA; makes up ribosomes. During translation, it puts together amino acids to create proteins by clamping anticodons onto mRNA to put amino acids in the correct order
T- cell
Cells that attack and destroy infected cells; two types: T helper & T killer
Transcription
Process in the nucleus in that changes DNA into RNA
Translation
process that occurs in the cytoplasm in which a ribosome reads the mRNA and converts it into a sequence of amino acid
tRNA
transfer RNA; clover leaf shape made of a chain of RNA nucleotides and carries an amino acid, reads mRNA and arrives at ribosome carrying the amino acid that DNA codes for
Tuberculosis
Bacterial infection in the lungs
Vaccine
a weakened virus/bacteria injected into the body to protect a person against a virus
Virus
a nonliving particle that causes disease; contains nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat called the capsid