Unit 3 - Cell Structure & Function Vocab Flashcards
Active transport
Movement of substance from low to high concentration (against the concentration gradient), using energy/ATP
Adaptation
Behavior/body part that helps organism survive better in the environment
Aerobic Respiration
Cellular respiration that requires oxygen
Occurs daily in: animals, plants, fungi, some protists, and some bacteria
Prokaryotes - in cytoplasm
Eukaryotes - in mitochondria
Yield: 32 ATP
Alcoholic Fermentation
anaerobic respiration in yeast and bacteria
glucose -> ATP + carbon dioxide
Anaerobic Respiration
Cellular respiration without oxygen
Occurs daily in: ALL yeasts, some bacteria, and some protists
Yield: 2 ATP
ATP
adenosine triphosphate; energy source and storage for cells, stored in the bonds between the phosphates
Cell wall
Additional layer (on top of cell membrane) of plant cells for extra protection
Cell/Plasma Membrane
Semipermeable layer around the cells cytoplasm
Cellular Respiration
Process that creates energy (ATP) for the cell
Glucose + oxygen -> energy (ATP) + carbon dioxide + water
Centrioles
organelle in animal cells that form poles of the spindle fibers during mitosis
Chlorophyll
green pigment in the chloroplast that traps sunlight for photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
organelle that does photosynthesis
Cilia
Tiny hair-like projections that are used for movement in protists and that line the respiratory tracts of animals
Compound light Microscope
Microscope that shines light through a specimen and has two or more lenses to magnify an object
Concentration Gradient
a difference in concentration of a substance in a space
Contractile Vacoule
Special vacuole that constantly pumps water out of the cell to survive in marine environments
Cytoplasm
Gel-like material that holds the cells organelles
Diffusion
Movement of a substance from an area of high to low concentration
DNA
Molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism. Made of segments called genes that control your physical body traits.
Dynamic Equilibrium
No concentration gradient; particles are evenly distributed and continue to move within the cell
Electron Microscope
Uses electrons to magnify very small specimen
Eyespot
Organelle in Euglena that detects light to find the brightest areas to photosynthesize
Flagella
long, whip-like tails used for movement in Euglena
Glucose
simple sugar made during photosynthesis and used during cellular respiration
Homeostasis
Maintaining internal balance even in environmental changes
Lactic Acid Fermentation
anaerobic respiration in animals to produce lactic acid that cause muscle soreness/cramps
Lysosome
Organelle that digests nutrients with it’s digestive enzymes
Mitochondria
“Powerhouse” of the cell that performs cellular respiration
Nucleos
“Brain” of the cell that stores genetic information and controls cell functions
Organelle
Structure inside a cell that performs a function
Osmosis
Diffusion of water; Movement of water from an area of high to low concentration
Passive Transport
Movement of substances from high to low concentration to maintain equilibrium (down the concentration gradient); requires NO energy
Phospholipid Bilayer
a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell/plasma membrane
Photosynthesis
Process in chloroplasts in plants, some protist, and some bacteria cells that converts:
sunlight (radiant energy) + carbon + water = glucose + oxygen
Protein Synthesis
process that makes proteins in cells that includes the two steps of transcription and translation
Pseudopod
Amoeba’s “false feet” by stretching it’s cytoplasm into fingerlike extensions
Ribosomes
Organelle that makes proteins through protein synthesis
Semi-Permeable
Some can pass through; some can’t
Solute
Substance dissolved by the solvent
Solution
Mixture of dissolved solute in solvent
Solvent
Substance that dissolves the solute
Total Magnification
(Eyepiece lens magnification) x (objective lens magnification)
Turgor Pressure
force created in a cell when water flows in and the cell membrane pushes against the cell wall; plant vacuoles fill, causing internal pressure (cell wall prevents lysis = cell bursting)
Vacoules
Organelle that stores food, water, and wastes
Vascular Tissues (xylem/phloem)
tissue in plants that carries water and nutrients; xylem and phloem
Plasmolysis
Cell shrinks
