Unit 3 - Cell Structure and Function Study Guide Flashcards
Differentiate between light, electron and dissecting microscopes.
Light Microscope - uses lenses to magnify specimen
Electron Microscope - uses electrons to magnify very small specimen
Dissecting Microscope - used for dissecting specimen
Define magnification and resolution.
Magnification - # of times a specimens image increases in size
Resolution - clarity of an objects image (NOT BLURRY)
How do you calculate total magnification?
Eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification = total magnification
What is the benefit to using stain on a microscope slide?
Stain is used to show details of specimen that don’t have natural color
Outline the organization of life from cells to organism.
Cell→Tissue→Organ→Organ System→Organism
State the three parts of the Cell Theory.
- All organisms are made of one or more cells
- Cells are smallest unit of life
- Cells come from pre-existing cells
Summarize the work of Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, Hooke and Leeuwenhoek.
Schleiden: “All plants are made of cells”
Schwann: “All animals are made of cells.”
Virchow: “Cells come from other living cells.”
Hooke: Discovered cells and named them “cells”
Leeuwenhoek: Discovered bacteria
Differentiate between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes: No membrane bound organelles; no nucleus; usually unicellular
Eukaryotes: membrane bound organelles; has nucleus; usually multicellular
What determines the shape and internal structure of cells?
Cell membrane (both) and cell wall (plants)
What limits cell size?
- Diffusion - if the cell is to large, molecules cannot enter fast enough
- DNA - DNA duplicates right before division so it is very large; it is usually half the size.
- Surface area to volume ratio - the volume cannot exceed the surface area of the cell or it will burst
Differentiate between plant and animal cells.
Plant cells - boxy; have pigments; cell walls and chloroplasts
Animal cells - round; have centrioles for cell division
Cell/plasma membrane
Semipermeable layer around the cells cytoplasm
Cell Wall
Additional layer (on top of cell membrane) in plant cells for extra protection
Cytoplasm
Gel-like material that holds cells organelles
Golgi
Organelle that packages and exports proteins
Vesicles
Stores and transports golgi’s proteins
Vacuole
Organelle that stores waste
Central Vacuole
Organelle in plants cells that is a big vacuole for waste storage
Ribosomes
Make proteins through protein synthesis
Nucleos
Organelle that stores genetic information and controls cell functions
Nucleolus
Organelle that makes ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)
Organelle that makes and transports lipids
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
Organelle that makes and transports proteins
Mitochondria
Organelle that performs cellular respiration
Chloroplast
Organelle in plant cell that performs photosynthesis
Eyespot
Organelle in Euglena that detects light to find the brightest areas
Flagella
long, whip-like tails used for movement in Euglena
Cilia
Tiny hair-like projections that are used for movement in protists and that line the respiratory tracts of animals
What is a lipid bilayer?
Acts “fluid” allowing lipids and proteins to move in the cell while preventing substances from moving to areas they shouldn’t
Differentiate between a solute and a solvent
Solvent dissolved the solute (ex. water is solvent, salt is solute)
Define passive transport.
Movement of substances from high to low concentration to maintain equilibrium (down the concentration gradient); requires NO energy
What are the four types of passive transport? Describe the types of particles that move by each type.
- Diffusion - all substances
- Osmosis - water
- Facilitated diffusion - carrier proteins move substances
- Ion diffusion - membrane proteins move substances
Identify the movement of materials if a cell were placed in a hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solution and the
effect on the cells.
𝐇𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 - Concentration of solute higher and concentration of water is lower outside cell (WATER MOVES OUT; SHRINKS)
𝐇𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 - Concentration of solute lower and concentration of water is higher outside cell (WATER MOVES IN; SWELLS)
𝐈𝐬𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 - Concentration of solute and water is the same inside and outside the cell (WATER MOVES IN AND OUT)
How does glucose move across the plasma membrane? Why can’t glucose simply diffuse?
Glucose molecule is to large to move with the concentration gradient (diffuse), so it has to move through using energy (active transport).
Why can’t ions move easily across the plasma membrane?
ions are insoluble in lipids, which transports substances across the membrane
Define equilibrium and homeostasis
Equilibrium - Equal concentration of substances inside/outside the cell
Homeostasis - Internal balance of cell while adjusting to changes in the environment
What are the three types of active transport? Describe the types of particles that move by each type.
- Cell Membrane Pumps - Ions
- Endocytosis - substances entering
- Exocytosis - substances exiting
Why is drinking saltwater not a good idea?
Salt water is a hypertonic solution, so it would draw water out of your cells, preventing equilibrium.
Compare active and passive transport.
Passive Transport - Moves with concentration gradient, high to low concentration; requires NO energy
Active Transport - Moves against concentration gradient, low to high concentration; requires energy
What is turgor pressure? What type of cell experiences this?
Turgor pressure is when PLANT cells vacuole fill causing internal pressure (cell wall prevents lysis- cells bursting)
Why are plant cells less likely to burst compared to animal cells?
They have a cell wall that prevents the cell bursting from to much water (lysis)
What is the formula for photosynthesis and where does each reactant come from and what each product is used for?
6CO2 + 6H2O + radiant energy (sunlight) → C6H12O6 + 6*O2
Carbon Dioxide - stomata
Water - Roots
Radiant energy - Chlorophyll
Glucose - cellular respiration
oxygen - cellular respiration
What is the primary pigment in plants? List three other accessory pigments.
Primary pigment: Chlorophyll A (green)
Accessory pigments:
- Chlorophyll B (dark green)
- Carotenoids
- Beta Carotene
- Xanthophyll
Why are accessory pigments critical to a plant?
Accessory pigments absorb the green Chlorophyll reflects so it isn’t wasted for photosynthesis
What factors influence the rate of photosynthesis? Outline the impact of each on the rate of photosynthesis.
𝐀𝐦𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐃𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞 - Increases rate until a certain point ‘_/▔’
𝐋𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 - Increases rate until a certain point ‘_/▔’
𝐓𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 - Optimal at a certain point ‘/'
What type of reaction is photosynthesis? Explain.
Endothermic reaction because it absorbs sunlight
Write the complete formula for cellular respiration and label each of the molecules. In addition, explain where
each reactant comes from and what each product is used for.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O
Glucose - Cellular Respiration
Oxygen - Stomata
ATP - Cell processes
Carbon Dioxide - Photosynthesis
Water - Photosynthesis
Differentiate the two types of fermentation.
Lactic acid fermentation: Animal cells; produces lactic acid
Alcoholic fermentation: Bacteria and Yeast cells; produces alcohol and co2
What does ATP stand for? What type of molecule is ATP?
ATP = Adenosine triphosphate
A - P - P - P
nucleotide molecule
How is ATP stored? How is energy released from ATP?
-Stored by adding new bond
-Released by breaking bond
A - P - P - P
‘-‘ are bonds
List the products of lactic acid fermentation. Who undergoes lactic acid fermentation?
Glucose → Lactic Acid + 2 ATP
Animals do lactic acid fermentation
List the products of alcoholic fermentation. Who undergoes alcoholic fermentation?
Glucose → Alcohol + co2 + 2 ATP
Bacteria & Yeast do alcoholic fermentation
What is the energy yield of aerobic respiration? Anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration: 32 ATP
Anaerobic respiration: 2 ATP
What types of organisms undergo aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration (daily)?
(organisms that do it DAILY)
Aerobic respiration: Animals, plants, fungi, some protists, some bacteria
Anaerobic respiration: some bacteria, some protists, ALL yeasts
What type of reaction is cellular respiration? Explain.
Exothermic reaction because it produces a energy.
Define chemosynthesis and describe the organisms that would undergo this process.
Chemosynthesis: autotrophic process from breakdown of inorganic compounds containing sulfur and nitrogen.
ex. Bacteria in soil convert nitrogen gas into nitrogen for plants, bacteria near hydrothermal vents
If you place an animal cell in salt water, what happens to the animal cell?
The cell gets smaller from losing water
What do the Endoplasmic reticulum’s do?
Transportation system for the cell
Why do leaves change color every fall?
Colder temperatures stop photosynthesis causing the chlorophyll to break down. The green pigments disappear, leaving the other pigments like orange that have always been there.
How do you name bacteria?
𝐏𝐚𝐢𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠
diplo = pair
strepto = chain
staphylo = cluster
𝐒𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐞
bacillus = rod shape
coccus = spheres
Spirillum = spirals
What is the main difference of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria?
Live = Archaebacteria are found in extreme environments without oxygen, Eubacteria are found in living or dead organisms
Hypertonic solution
Concentration of solute is higher outside cell than inside cell
- H20 leaves the cell
- Cell shrinks = PLASMOLYSIS
- Leads to dehydration (ex. drinking saltwater)
Hypotonic Solution
Concentration of solute is lower outside cell than inside cell
- H20 enters the cell
- Cell swells = CYTOLYSIS
- Turgor pressure = Plant vacuole fills causing internal pressure (Cell wall prevents bursting)
Isotonic Solution
Concentration of solute is same inside and outside of cell
- H20 enters and leaves the cell in equal amounts to maintain equilibrium
what would happen if salt water fish were put in fresh water and vise versa?
Both experience osmosis, which moves water from an area of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to an area of low water concentration (high solute concentration).
Salt water fish: Water would move into and burst cell
Freshwater fish: Water would move out of cell, dehydrating cell
Where would water move in the following situations?
1. Cucumber slice is placed in water
2. Salt is poured on snail
3. Vegetables are sprinkled with pure water
4. Potato slice is placed in pure water
- Out
- Out
- In
- In
What is chromatography?
solvent/alcohol moves up chromatography paper through pigments; pigments separate based on sit of molecules
Where does cellular respiration take place in prokaryotic cells/cells with no mitochondria?
Cytoplasm
