unit 6 Flashcards
what does the respiratory system refer to
gas exchange
gas exchange definition
input of one gas and an output of another
-done by all living things usually for cell respiration
how do molecules get across membrane for gas exchange
the concentration gradient
high to low
why do organisms want to be small
to have a higher surface area and smaller volume-higher concentration and faster processes
4 required properties for cells to increase gas exchange rate
- permeabilty-easily get across membrane
- large surface area to volume ratio
- moist- increases surface area
- thin- increases surface area
how does cell respiration affect inputs and outputs of gas exchange
cell respiration uses up oxygen meaning there is less in the cells than outside
oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood
- makes CO2 to increase CO2 levels so that it goes out
what do capillaries do for the respiratory system
surround lungs/alveoli and move blood carrying oxygen away from lungs and bring CO2 in
ventilation definition
process of moving air from environment into place where gas exchange happens
breathing system in mammals
air enters nose and mouth
goes down trachea
trachea branches into many bronchioles
then into alveoli
-every crevice is to increase surface area and gas exchange
capillaries surround alveoli
surfactant definiton
reduces surface tension so lungs can be flexible and helps gas exchange rate
what is meant by pressure gradient
when more pressure is applies, gases move more quickly away
inspiration definition
getting gas from out to in
-involves making space larger to decrease pressure
expiration definition
gas going out
-higher pressure means gas goes out
how do the muscles around lungs move air
by contracting and relaxing
what are antagonistic muscles
make body parts go in opposite directions by contracting and relaxing
-ex:bicep and tricep
inspiration process
-volume increases
-diaphragm muscles contract pulling lungs down
-abdominal muscles relax
-internal intercostal muscles relax
-external intercostal muscles contract increasing volume of thoracic cavity
expiration process
-volume decrease
-diaphragm relaxes
-ab muscles contract
-internal intercostal contract
-external intercostal relax
tidal volume definition
amount of air normally breathed in and out
-ventilation rate- breaths per minute
vital capacity
max amount possibly breathed out
inspiratory reserve
amount of air you could breathe in after a normal breath
expiratory reserve
amount of air you can breathe out after a normal breath
ways of measuring lung volumes
bell jar with graduations:
-blow into upside down beaker in water and measuring gas
spirometer:
breathe in and out into the tube
-the chamber lid with rise and fall
-tells the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve
balloon
what is the outside layer of capillaries like
thin to increase rate of transport across membrane
permeable
has pores to make transport easier for bigger molecules
fenestration definition
extra large pores in capillaries to allow for even more rapid movement
how can capillaries be identified
very small, 1-10 micrometers
extreme thin 1 layer walls
what are arteries for
transporting blood away from heart
-carrying oxygen, sugars, hormones, amino acids,antibodies
what is the pressure like in arteries
high because the blood is being pumped from heart
characteristics of artery walls
thick to prevent leaking and bulging
muscles to maintain pressure, continuously pumping blood
elastic fibers to stretch
collagen fibers for ridgity and strength to withstand pressure
what is the lumen like in arteries
narrow to increase pressure
how can arteries be identified
bigger, 100-1000 micrometers
thick outer walls with multiple layers
what is a pulse
comes from the heart pumping blood through arteries at body surface
how do oximeters work
measure light changes by shining light into finger and detecting the LED bouncing back
what are veins for
taking blood back to heart from the capillaries
what is the lumen in veins like
wider-low pressure
what are the valves in veins for
to make sure blood is going right direction
right way-valves open
wrong way-valves shut
how can veins be identified
a little bigger than arteries
thin wall compared to artery but thicker than capillary
few walls-some muscle
occlusion meaning
something becomes more narrow
what are coronary arteries
arteries supplying blood to heart
how do coronary arteries get occluded
from fatty deposits
-decreases blood flow and can cause chest pains and shortness of breath
thrombosis meaning
formation of blood clots
what happens when a fatty deposits breaks
blood clots form on surface and seal up skin restricting blood flow even more
-can destroy cells
what is a heart attack
pulse becoming irregular from loss of oxygen
-muscle cells can die which causes heart disease
Describe the concentration gradient that exists between capillaries and alveoli.
There is a high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli so it diffuses into the capillaries. There is a high concentration of CO2 in the blood so it diffuses into the alveoli
what are neurons
nerve cells
send and receive signals
what does nerve impulse mean
the signal being sent through the body by neurons
-electrical
-ions give the cell charge
neuron structure
cell body
cell membrane has extending branches to send and receive signals
dendrites: many short branches for short distance signals-most in brain and spinal cord
Axon- 1 long extension only for sending signals- all over body
what does resting potential mean
when a neuron isn’t sending or receiving a signal
-has a voltage
how does the sodium potassium work in resting potential
- pumps sodium out, potassium in
-creates a concentration gradient which create more potassium inside and more sodium outside
-charge comes from the big negatively charged proteins inside axon, giving it negative voltage
what does action potential mean
when a neuron is sending signal
-change in charge as nerve impulse moves down axon
process of action potential
- signal, usually positively charged, shows up at axon and tells sodium to open up channels
- sodium flows in, increasing charge(depolarization)
- when charge reaches peak, it causes potassium channels to open
- potassium flows out, making charge go back down(repolarization)
- potassium is pumped back in, sodium pumped out-resting potential
- sodium channel openes again, process repeats since sodium flows down axon
how does nerve impulse speed correlate with axon diameter
the wider the axon, the faster the impulse
giant axons
50-100x bigger than ours
found in giant squid-use for jet propulsion
take up a lot of room
myelin
type of phospholipid we add to axons to make it thicker-speeds up impulse
-gaps are where action potential happens-increases speed
what is a synaps
junction between cells-neuron and other cells
most in brain
examples of receptor cells
muscle and hormone cells, other neurons
synaptic cleft
gap between 2 cells at junction
neurotransmitters
molecule that carries signal across synaptic cleft
pre synaptic cell
cell that sends neurotransmitter/signal
post synaptic cell
cell that receives neurotransmitter
pre synaps to post synaps transmission steps
- signal reaches end of pre synaptic membrane
- when it reaches end, the last depolarization causes calcium(+2) channels to open
- drastic increase in charge tells vesicles carrying transmitters to fuse with outer membrane of pre synaps
- neurotransmitters are released
- neurotransmitters diffuse from pre synaps to post synaps across cleft
- neurotransmitters bind to membrane protein on the post synaptic membrane
- sodium channels open
- sodium ions diffuse into post synaptic neuron
- action potential is generated
- neurotransmitters are broken down and can diffuse back
importance of system integration
functions of life only exist if we have coordinating systems
ex: communication
subsystems
-cells:smallest unit of life
-tissues: similar cells
-organs: made of multiple tissues for multiple functions ex: pancreas
-organ systems: multiple organs for 1 main purpose
-organism
point of nervous and endocrine systems
both all about communication
types of signal in nervous and endocrine systems
nervous: ions-missing or extra chromosome
endocrine: hormones-made of proteins
how signal is transmitted in nervous and endocrine systems
nervous: action potential moves through axon of neuron
endocrine: move through circulatory system
signal destination in nervous and endocrine systems
nervous: muscles,hormone cells, other neurons
endocrine: any type of cell
types of responses in nervous and endocrine systems
nervous: contracts muscles, keeps sending signal, or releases hormones
endocrine: anything
speed of signaling in nervous and endocrine systems
nervous: rapid- in milliseconds
endocrine: slower
duration of signaling in nervous and endocrine systems
nervous: short
endocrine: longer ex: body responding to adrenaline
2 major parts of central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
brain functions
sending and receiving signals for both nervous and endocrine
-good at sending signals in response- the “now”
-memory-past inputs and outputs affecting inputs and outputs now
-leads to critical thinking
spinal cord functions
sends and receives signals, mainly controlled by brain-brain’s transmitter
-connects brain to everywhere else
-not only controlled by brain
what is white matter
- signals from spinal cord
-mainly connected to organs
-mainly controlled by spinal cord
what is grey matter
-signals from spinal cord, but controlled by brain
-mainly connected to muscle
concious actions
only performed while awake voluntairily
-controlling striated/skeletal muscle contractions
-only come from brain
List two muscles which cause the thoracic volume to increase.
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
List two muscles which cause the thoracic volume to decrease.
Abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles
what do sensory neurons do
for the input of signals to CNS
take signals from around body to CNS
what are sensory receptors cells
cells sensory neurons get signals from
ex: skin cells-touch, eye cells-sight, muscle cells, digestive system
what do motor neurons do
take signals from CNS to rest of body
usually to striated muscle cells around bone
what is acetylcholine
transmitter that takes motor neurons to muscle cells across synapse
why do neurons exist in bundles
to increase the likelihood of signal being sent and received due to increased concentrations
-bundle usually has protective sheath
what is the output of a reflex arc
usually response to pain
reflex arc steps
- detection of stimulus(heat, pain etc) -receptor cell getting signal and taking it to sensory neurons
- signal moves towards spinal cord
- signal goes to motor neurons down to muscle effector cell by interneurons
what are interneurons
connect sensory neurons to motor neurons
what is the cerebellum
the base part of the brain directly connected to spinal cord
-usually unconscious proccess
lizard brain
what kind of cells is the cerebellum connected to
lot of muscle cells-usually smooth muscle but can be skeletal if its unconcious
what is a circadian rhythm
any behavior that follows 24 hour pattern
sleeping, eating, breeding, migration
what are sleep patterns controlled by
pineal gland releasing melatonin
amount increases at night, decreases in morning
messed up bc of lightbulb invention and us ignoring the melatonin
input of sleep patterns
light
-eye cells is the sensory receptors cell
-goes to sensory neuron to brain to motor neurons
what is adrenaline/epinephrine
hormone that prepares body for vigorous activity
secreted by adrenal glands which are next to kidneys because kidneys filter blood so it helps adrenaline get around body
what is a fight or flight response
adaptation helped by adrenaline
how do athletes use adrenaline
to increase energy and heart rate
effects of adrenaline to get more energy and cell respiration
-adrenaline breaks down glycerin into glucose to use for cell respiration
-expanding bronchi and bronchioles to increase ventilation and oxygen for cell respiration
-adrenaline can increase ventilation rate
-adrenaline increases heart rate to increase amount of oxygen and glucose getting to our cells
-increasing volume of veins and arteries
what systems does the hypothalamus and pituitary gland connect
nervous and endocrine
what does the hypothalamus do
conductor of endocrine system based off signals received from CNS
-regulates body temp
-moniters blood glucose levels
-controls water concentration in blood
-moniters hormone levels of all kinds
what does the pituitary gland do
releases nire different kinds of hormones than any other part of the body
-involved in puberty
-mainly listens
where does heart rate get initiated from
cells in the heart
what is the enteric nervous system
not controlled by spine or brain
what does the medulla do
connects heart to brain
has 2 nerves, one in charge of speeding heart rate, one in charge of slowing
conditions to speed heart rate
low blood pressure
low oxygen concentration
low pH-wants to get CO2 out of lungs
how are receptor cells involved in heart rate
give signals to sensory neuron to spinal cord or brain to motor neurons(the 2 nerves in the medulla)
what are baroreceptors
monitor pressure in arteries
what are chemoreceptors
monitor chemical levels
what is ventilation rate controlled by
oxygen levels in blood by chemoreceptors
based on blood pH by chemoreceptors
-muscles connected to brain stem-involuntary
digestion purpose
break down molecules involving enzymes
absorb these molecules and use for amino acids and cell respiration
-the more time these molecules are there the better chance of them being absorbed
what is peristalsis
muscle contractions that push food along gut
-smooth muscle
-enteric nervous system
the structure in the heart which acts as a pacemaker
Sinoatrial node
-wall of right atrium
