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Ib bio > unit 4 part 1 > Flashcards

unit 4 part 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the levels of organization

A

Biosphere:all living things on earth and what they interact with
Biome: large areas with similar climate and organisms
Ecosystem: all the living and non living things in an area
Community: all living things in an area that interact
Population: all organisms in one species in one area and how they interact
Individual: 1 organism and its interactions

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2
Q

ecology definition

A

interactions between living things or between living and non living things

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3
Q

habitat definition

A

place where organism lives(general or specific, large or varied)

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4
Q

abiotic factor

A

non living factor that affects organism

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5
Q

biotic factor

A

living thing that affects organism

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6
Q

general well adapted organism examples

A

Lyme grass
-in sandy areas near ocean
-thick cuticle to not lose water easily
-leaves roll up decreasing water loss
-long stems that reach water
-has lots of solutes-water enters by osmosis
Mangrove trees
-swampy areas near oceans
-can secrete salt from cells to get fresh water
-absorbs solute- more water intake
-roots mainly above water
-buoyant seeds that can be dispersed

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7
Q

abiotic factors that affect plants

A

water, temp, sun, soil

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8
Q

abiotic factors that affect animals

A

water temperature

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9
Q

what is a range of tolerance

A

amount of abiotic or biotic factors that an organism can take

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10
Q

how is range of tolerance tested

A

by observing amounts of organisms found at certain factor -ex: temperature
or quadrat sampling

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11
Q

what type of plant is easily measured for range of tolerance

A

aquatic

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12
Q

what is coral

A

animals that build calcium carbonate skeleton. offspring builds skeleton on parents skeleton

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13
Q

how is zooxanthellae algae and coral a mutualistic relationship

A

the algae does photosynthesis to produce oxygen and glucose for the coral and gets carbon dioxide and water in return from the coral doing cell respiration

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14
Q

factors that affect zooxanthellae algae

A

depth-more light, more photosynthesis
pH- too acidic breaks up CaCO3-results in too much co2 in environment
salinity-too much salt, not enough nutrients
clarity-sunlight
temperature- sensitive to warm water

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15
Q

what determines a biomes climate

A

temperature and precipitation

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16
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

2 different organisms develop similar traits at different times for different reasons(analogous structures)

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17
Q

desert climate

A

high temperatures and low rainfall

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18
Q

special adaptatiosn to hot deserts

A

saguaro cactus
-large to hold lots of water
-thick outer layer
-long roots to reach water
-spines protect and perform photosynthesis to lose less water
Fennec fox
-big ears lose heat
-nocturnal
-live in dens underground
-hair on bottom of paws

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19
Q

tropical rainforest climate

A

high temp and precipitation

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20
Q

tropical rainforest adaptations

A

meranti tree
-tall to access sunlight
-leaves are pointy so water runs off
-only drops seeds once every 5 years so its not competing w its own offspring
spider monkey
-climbs to get resources
-long arms and feet
-feet have thumbs
-tails to grip things
-loud voice

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21
Q

process of quadrat sampling

A

separate area into quadrats
choose random quadrats and count # in each
find average
multiply by number of total quadrats

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22
Q

transects

A

walk line through organisms and count number touching line
belt transect- wider-shows abundance
done to see if there is an association between groups-found by chi squared
only works on sedentary animals

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23
Q

Lincoln index

A

capture, mark, release, recapture
estimates mobile organisms
multiply animals captured 1st day by animals recaptured and divide by marked animals recaptured

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24
Q

assumptions made in Lincoln index

A

Area-has to be same
time period- walk same rate and same time between captures
make sure marking doesn’t harm

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25
Q

what is the carrying capacity

A

maximum size population can be without running out of resources- how much the environment can hold
based on number population fluctuates around

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26
Q

what affects plant carrying capacities

A

water,soil, sunlight

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27
Q

what affects animal carrying capacities

A

prey,plants,predators, living space, water

28
Q

what does carrying capacity depend on

A

-depends on ecosystem and the resources
-more competition,lower carrying capacity

29
Q

density independent factors

A

influence populations no matter the size
ex: natural disaster, human activity

30
Q

density dependent factors

A

influence depends on size
ex:disease, competition for resources, predation

31
Q

what does negative feedback mean

A

a population gets too high for the ecosystem in which it’s living, the population declines.

32
Q

what is exponential growth

A

constantly growing at exponential rate when there’s plentiful resources and leads to positive feedback

33
Q

exponential growth organism examples

A

invasive species&pioneer species bc there’s no competition
homosapiens

34
Q

what is sigmoid growth

A

resources become limited
shown by s shapes graph

35
Q

examples of sigmoid growth models

A

Duckweed:plant that grows on water surface
-asexual-reproduces quickly
Yeast: single cell eukaryote-reproduces asexually

36
Q

what is an intraspecific interaction

A

within species

37
Q

interspecific interaction

A

between species

38
Q

intraspecific interaction examples

A

competition: light pollinate, food, mates
cooperation: herds, packs, huddle for warmth, parental care

39
Q

what are the community interactions like

A

complex
can be hundreds of thousands
interspecific

40
Q

what are the 6 categories of interspecific interactions

A

Herbivory: animals eating plants
-no hunting
-usually not killed
Predation: predator hunting, killing, and eating the prey
Competition: 2 or more species use same resource
-can be inter or intraspecific
Mutualism: both benefit from interaction
Parasitism: parasite lives on or in host
-harms not kills
Pathogenicity: pathogen lives on or in host and causes disease

41
Q

competition examples

A

ivy on oak trees for sunlight

42
Q

examples of plant adaptation to avoid being eaten

A

thorns, poison, tough cellulose outer layer

43
Q

examples of animal adaptations to overcome plant adaptations

A

giraffes can avoid spines
catepillars consume toxin and become poisonous

44
Q

how do herbivorous insects overcome plant adaptations

A

jaw like mouthparts-break down outer layer
tubular mouthparts- pierce layer

45
Q

what are the 3 main categories of predation features

A

physical
chemical
behavioral

46
Q

predation physical feature examples

A

vampire bats sharp teeth
camoflauge

47
Q

predation behavioral features

A

hunting in packs
herds to protect

48
Q

what is the prey predator relationship’s impact on population

A

prey goes down, predators go down, prey goes back up, predators go up

49
Q

what relationship affects population size more than any other

A

herbivory and predation

50
Q

what is a food chain

A

shows transfer of energy in 1 linear pathway from 1 organism to the next

51
Q

what is top down control

A

highest trophic level is in control

52
Q

bottom up control

A

lowest level is in control

53
Q

impact of natural competition

A

keeps stable population and carrying capacity

54
Q

unnatural competition meaning

A

humans move organisms causing competition that wasn’t there before and one gets outcompeted-invasive species

55
Q

invasive species examples

A

Red lionfish
-endemic to Indian ocean
-people took as pets and became invasive in Gulf of Mexico
Salvinia
-endemic to Brazil, brought to US as decorative plants
-grows on water surface and blocks sunlight
causing a lot of problems

56
Q

forms of avoiding competition

A

Allelopathy: plants release chemicals into soil killing others and removing competition
Antibiotic secretion: kills bacteria

57
Q

allelopathy example

A

Tree of heaven
endemic to China, was moved, kills all other plants

57
Q

Antibiotic secretion example

A

penicillium fungus
kills competing bacteria

58
Q

mutualism examples

A

Fabaceae family and rhizobium bacteria
orchidaceae family and mycorrhizae fungus
coral and zooxanthellae algae

59
Q

Fabaceae family and rhizobium bacteria mutualistic relationship

A

the bacteria grows on nodules on roots
bacteria gets protection and glucose from legume to do cell respiration
live in soil with low oxygen
the legumes get nitrogen and uses in proteins and nucleic acids

60
Q

orchidaceae family and mycorrhizae fungus mutualistic relationship

A

orchid does photosynthesis and fungus gets glucose and protection
orchid gets nitrogen

61
Q

ways to test association out in field

A

chi squared, licoln index, quadrat sampling

62
Q

ways to test association in lab

A

keep all controlled except independent variable

63
Q

what is a mesocosm

A

smaller experimental area we have control over

64
Q
A

Ib bio (4 decks)

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