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Ib bio > unit 4 part 1 > Flashcards

unit 4 part 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the levels of organization

A

Biosphere:all living things on earth and what they interact with
Biome: large areas with similar climate and organisms
Ecosystem: all the living and non living things in an area
Community: all living things in an area that interact
Population: all organisms in one species in one area and how they interact
Individual: 1 organism and its interactions

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2
Q

ecology definition

A

interactions between living things or between living and non living things

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3
Q

habitat definition

A

place where organism lives(general or specific, large or varied)

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4
Q

abiotic factor

A

non living factor that affects organism

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5
Q

biotic factor

A

living thing that affects organism

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6
Q

general well adapted organism examples

A

Lyme grass
-in sandy areas near ocean
-thick cuticle to not lose water easily
-leaves roll up decreasing water loss
-long stems that reach water
-has lots of solutes-water enters by osmosis
Mangrove trees
-swampy areas near oceans
-can secrete salt from cells to get fresh water
-absorbs solute- more water intake
-roots mainly above water
-buoyant seeds that can be dispersed

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7
Q

abiotic factors that affect plants

A

water, temp, sun, soil

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8
Q

abiotic factors that affect animals

A

water temperature

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9
Q

what is a range of tolerance

A

amount of abiotic or biotic factors that an organism can take

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10
Q

how is range of tolerance tested

A

by observing amounts of organisms found at certain factor -ex: temperature
or quadrat sampling

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11
Q

what type of plant is easily measured for range of tolerance

A

aquatic

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12
Q

what is coral

A

animals that build calcium carbonate skeleton. offspring builds skeleton on parents skeleton

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13
Q

how is zooxanthellae algae and coral a mutualistic relationship

A

the algae does photosynthesis to produce oxygen and glucose for the coral and gets carbon dioxide and water in return from the coral doing cell respiration

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14
Q

factors that affect zooxanthellae algae

A

depth-more light, more photosynthesis
pH- too acidic breaks up CaCO3-results in too much co2 in environment
salinity-too much salt, not enough nutrients
clarity-sunlight
temperature- sensitive to warm water

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15
Q

what determines a biomes climate

A

temperature and precipitation

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16
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

2 different organisms develop similar traits at different times for different reasons(analogous structures)

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17
Q

desert climate

A

high temperatures and low rainfall

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18
Q

special adaptatiosn to hot deserts

A

saguaro cactus
-large to hold lots of water
-thick outer layer
-long roots to reach water
-spines protect and perform photosynthesis to lose less water
Fennec fox
-big ears lose heat
-nocturnal
-live in dens underground
-hair on bottom of paws

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19
Q

tropical rainforest climate

A

high temp and precipitation

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20
Q

tropical rainforest adaptations

A

meranti tree
-tall to access sunlight
-leaves are pointy so water runs off
-only drops seeds once every 5 years so its not competing w its own offspring
spider monkey
-climbs to get resources
-long arms and feet
-feet have thumbs
-tails to grip things
-loud voice

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21
Q

process of quadrat sampling

A

separate area into quadrats
choose random quadrats and count # in each
find average
multiply by number of total quadrats

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22
Q

transects

A

walk line through organisms and count number touching line
belt transect- wider-shows abundance
done to see if there is an association between groups-found by chi squared
only works on sedentary animals

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23
Q

Lincoln index

A

capture, mark, release, recapture
estimates mobile organisms
multiply animals captured 1st day by animals recaptured and divide by marked animals recaptured

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24
Q

assumptions made in Lincoln index

A

Area-has to be same
time period- walk same rate and same time between captures
make sure marking doesn’t harm

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25
Q

what is the carrying capacity

A

maximum size population can be without running out of resources- how much the environment can hold
based on number population fluctuates around

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26
Q

what affects plant carrying capacities

A

water,soil, sunlight

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27
Q

what affects animal carrying capacities

A

prey,plants,predators, living space, water

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28
Q

what does carrying capacity depend on

A

-depends on ecosystem and the resources
-more competition,lower carrying capacity

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29
Q

density independent factors

A

influence populations no matter the size
ex: natural disaster, human activity

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30
Q

density dependent factors

A

influence depends on size
ex:disease, competition for resources, predation

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31
Q

what does negative feedback mean

A

a population gets too high for the ecosystem in which it’s living, the population declines.

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32
Q

what is exponential growth

A

constantly growing at exponential rate when there’s plentiful resources and leads to positive feedback

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33
Q

exponential growth organism examples

A

invasive species&pioneer species bc there’s no competition
homosapiens

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34
Q

what is sigmoid growth

A

resources become limited
shown by s shapes graph

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35
Q

examples of sigmoid growth models

A

Duckweed:plant that grows on water surface
-asexual-reproduces quickly
Yeast: single cell eukaryote-reproduces asexually

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36
Q

what is an intraspecific interaction

A

within species

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37
Q

interspecific interaction

A

between species

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38
Q

intraspecific interaction examples

A

competition: light pollinate, food, mates
cooperation: herds, packs, huddle for warmth, parental care

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39
Q

what are the community interactions like

A

complex
can be hundreds of thousands
interspecific

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40
Q

what are the 6 categories of interspecific interactions

A

Herbivory: animals eating plants
-no hunting
-usually not killed
Predation: predator hunting, killing, and eating the prey
Competition: 2 or more species use same resource
-can be inter or intraspecific
Mutualism: both benefit from interaction
Parasitism: parasite lives on or in host
-harms not kills
Pathogenicity: pathogen lives on or in host and causes disease

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41
Q

competition examples

A

ivy on oak trees for sunlight

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42
Q

examples of plant adaptation to avoid being eaten

A

thorns, poison, tough cellulose outer layer

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43
Q

examples of animal adaptations to overcome plant adaptations

A

giraffes can avoid spines
catepillars consume toxin and become poisonous

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44
Q

how do herbivorous insects overcome plant adaptations

A

jaw like mouthparts-break down outer layer
tubular mouthparts- pierce layer

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45
Q

what are the 3 main categories of predation features

A

physical
chemical
behavioral

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46
Q

predation physical feature examples

A

vampire bats sharp teeth
camoflauge

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47
Q

predation behavioral features

A

hunting in packs
herds to protect

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48
Q

what is the prey predator relationship’s impact on population

A

prey goes down, predators go down, prey goes back up, predators go up

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49
Q

what relationship affects population size more than any other

A

herbivory and predation

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50
Q

what is a food chain

A

shows transfer of energy in 1 linear pathway from 1 organism to the next

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51
Q

what is top down control

A

highest trophic level is in control

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52
Q

bottom up control

A

lowest level is in control

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53
Q

impact of natural competition

A

keeps stable population and carrying capacity

54
Q

unnatural competition meaning

A

humans move organisms causing competition that wasn’t there before and one gets outcompeted-invasive species

55
Q

invasive species examples

A

Red lionfish
-endemic to Indian ocean
-people took as pets and became invasive in Gulf of Mexico
Salvinia
-endemic to Brazil, brought to US as decorative plants
-grows on water surface and blocks sunlight
causing a lot of problems

56
Q

forms of avoiding competition

A

Allelopathy: plants release chemicals into soil killing others and removing competition
Antibiotic secretion: kills bacteria

57
Q

allelopathy example

A

Tree of heaven
endemic to China, was moved, kills all other plants

57
Q

Antibiotic secretion example

A

penicillium fungus
kills competing bacteria

58
Q

mutualism examples

A

Fabaceae family and rhizobium bacteria
orchidaceae family and mycorrhizae fungus
coral and zooxanthellae algae

59
Q

Fabaceae family and rhizobium bacteria mutualistic relationship

A

the bacteria grows on nodules on roots
bacteria gets protection and glucose from legume to do cell respiration
live in soil with low oxygen
the legumes get nitrogen and uses in proteins and nucleic acids

60
Q

orchidaceae family and mycorrhizae fungus mutualistic relationship

A

orchid does photosynthesis and fungus gets glucose and protection
orchid gets nitrogen

61
Q

ways to test association out in field

A

chi squared, licoln index, quadrat sampling

62
Q

ways to test association in lab

A

keep all controlled except independent variable

63
Q

what is a mesocosm

A

smaller experimental area we have control over

64
Q

what is a niche

A

role an organism plays in an environment–everything about it and the dimensions it needs to survive

65
Q

what are the dimensions of an organisms niche

A

zones of tolerance
nutrient absorption
interspecific interactions
oxygen usage

66
Q

what are obligate aerobes

A

organism has a constant need for oxygen and must live in environment with constant supply

67
Q

what are obligate anaerobes

A

must live in place with little to no oxygen

68
Q

what are facultative anaerobes

A

can constantly need oxygen or barely need it
example: yeast

69
Q

what are autotrophs

A

get nutrients from abiotic source-usually photosynthesis or possibly chemosynthesis

70
Q

what are the two types of photosynthesizers

A

plants
algae
bacteria-cyanobacteria

71
Q

what are heterotrophs

A

get nutrients from biotic sources

72
Q

what is holozoic nutrition

A

consuming and the performing internal digestion

73
Q

what is saprotrophic nutrition

A

release of digestive enzymes which breaks up the usually dead matter
organism absorbs nutrients

74
Q

what are mixotrophs

A

get nutrients from both biotic and abiotic sources
can be obligate or facultative

75
Q

mixotrophs examples

A

Venus flytrap
Euglena- absorbs sunlight or dead material

76
Q

what is archaea

A

bacteria in its own domain
has proteins around DNA like eukaryotes but it is single celled with no nucleus

77
Q

what are the 3 nutrition categories in archea

A

phototrophs
chemotrophs-get from inorganic chemicals like iron
heterotrophs

78
Q

what is the relationship between dentition and diet

A

organisms develop adaptations based on food they eat, such as teeth

79
Q

what is a hominidae

A

family humans and apes fall under

80
Q

what are teeth like in herbivores

A

wide and flat

81
Q

what are teeth like in carnivores

A

sharp and pointy

82
Q

why do plants not have adaptations to get water in a forest

A

there is an abundance of water

83
Q

examples of plant adaptations to get light

A

tall trees
lianas/vines-grow up on other things
epiphyte- bush that lives on tree branch
strangler epiphytes- wrap up around whole tree
adapation to need less light

84
Q

what is a fundamental niche

A

resources an organism could use and the things it could do if there were no competition

85
Q

what is a realized niche

A

resources actually used because of competition
has to be unique or one will die

86
Q

what is competitive exclusion

A

one group of organisms dies out because of competition

87
Q

what is an open system ecosystem

A

free flow of nutrients and energy in exchange with other place
-most

88
Q

what is a closed system

A

only have free flow of energy-nutrients stay and cycle
-earth
-mesocosm

89
Q

what do organisms without light access get energy

A

chemotherapy

90
Q

what is a food web

A

shows all possible ways energy can flow in a community

91
Q

where do decompeosers get energy

A

organic dead matter

92
Q

what are the decomposer categories

A

detritivores: internal,holozoic digestion ex: earthworms,beetles
saprotrophs:external digestion ex: fungi

93
Q

detritus meaning

A

stuff most organisms cant digest
ex: fur, bones, feces, dead matter

94
Q

how are inorganic nutrients turned organic

A

by photosynthesis and cell respiration

95
Q

what is a phototroph

A

get energy from light

96
Q

chemoautotroph

A

get energy from chemicals-underwater sea vents or iron-oxidizing bacteria

97
Q

what is the purpose of digestion

A

releasing energy so molecules can be broken down, energy absorbed and used to make and be stored in bigger molecules

98
Q

why do living things to cell respiration

A

to make ATP and use anywhere around cell

99
Q

what is a trophic level

A

where organism fits in food chain or web-where it gets energy

100
Q

what does the limit of trophic levels come from

A

available energy

101
Q

what does a energy pyramid show

A

shows energy amount in each trophic level and energy loss

102
Q

what trophic level has most energy available

A

produces

103
Q

what is the energy unit

A

kilojoules per meter squared per year

104
Q

what are the 3 reasons energy is lost between levels

A

1.incomplete consumption- organism not always eaten
2. incomplete digestion- waste consumed by decomposers
3. conversion to ATP isn’t efficient-energy lost

105
Q

biomass meaning

A

all organic molecules besides water
correlates to energy because the molecules need energy to be made

106
Q

production meaning

A

amount of biomass created
-grams per square meter per year

107
Q

primary production

A

amount of organic molecules made from inorganic sources
-done by producers

108
Q

reason for making organic molecules

A

growth and energy

109
Q

gross primary production

A

Total amount made for either growth or energy

110
Q

net primary production

A

production just used for growth
found by taking gross - repsiration

111
Q

what is secondary production

A

using organic molecules to build other organic molecules
-heterotrophs

112
Q

primary vs secondary difference in energy

A

energy lost by secondary production
growing crops is much more efficient than producing meat
different animals are more efficient than others

113
Q

what’s the reason for continuous nutrient cycle

A

all living things need supply of carbon

114
Q

pool

A

place where nutrient exists
shown by text boxes

115
Q

flux

A

how carbon moves between pools
shown by arrows

116
Q

what determines if an ecosystems have more photosynthesis or cell respiration

A

if an ecosystem absorbs more carbon, more photosynthesis
if an ecosystem releases more carbon, more cell respiration

117
Q

carbon sink

A

ecosystem where carbon increases. ex:rainforest

118
Q

carbon source

A

releases lots of co2, carbon decreases
ex: man made places

119
Q

how are fossil fuels made

A

organisms die, aren’t fully decomposed, temp and pressure from earth changes molecules to make fossil fuels

120
Q

what sink takes the longest to form

A

oil and natural gas

121
Q

how is coal formed

A

in swamp areas
anaerobic soil
not many decomposers
doesn’t take as much temp and pressure

122
Q

how is peat formed

A

in acidic and anaerobic areas
forms at Earth’s surface and can become coal

123
Q

why do we burn fossil fuels

A

for energy-CO2 is byproduct

124
Q

whats a natural combustion form

A

grass/wild fires
a lot of nutrients go back into soil

125
Q

why is the combustion humans do and cause bad

A

we create an imbalance

126
Q

what is the keeling curve

A

shows amount of CO2 in atmosphere
-measurements taken at Mauna Loa

127
Q

why are keeling measurements taken at Mauna loa

A

its far from humans
close to homogenous atmosphere-evenly spread reading

128
Q

2 main things of keeling curve

A

Annual fluctuations
-summer-low CO2- more plants doing photosynthesis-more co2 being removed
-winter-high CO2-less plants-less photosynthesis
Longterm trend
-overall increase

129
Q

what nutrients cycle

A

all
nitrogen,phosphorus,sulfur,hydrogen,oxygen,
carbon

130
Q

what is the nutrient cycle between

A

Abiotic and Biotic things
continuous cycle because each pool needs continuously replenished

131
Q
A

Ib bio (5 decks)

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