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Unit 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does cell theory state?

A

All living organisms are made up of cells
Cells are the smallest unit of life
existing cells have come from other cells

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2
Q

In a prokaryote is DNA in envelope?

A

No it’s free

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3
Q

What’s a prokaryote ?

A

single celled organism w no nucleus

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4
Q

in Eukaryote is DNA in envelope?

A

yes in nucleus

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5
Q

in a prokaryote is DNA naked or attached to proteins?

A

naked, it’s in the nucleoid

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6
Q

in eukaryote is dna naked or attached to proteins?

A

the dna is attached to protein in nucleus

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7
Q

in prokaryote is DNA circular or linear?

A

1 circular chromosome

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8
Q

in eukaryote is is dna circular or linear?

A

many linear chromosomes

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9
Q

in prokaryote is mitochondria present?

A

no

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10
Q

in eukaryote is the mitochondria present?

A

yes

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11
Q

in prokaryotic cells what is the size of ribosomes?

A

70s

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12
Q

in eukaryotic cells what is the size of ribosomes ?

A

80s

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13
Q

eukaryotic organelles with double membrane

A

mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplast

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14
Q

4 differences between plant and animal cells

A

Plants have cell wall, plants have large central vacuole, plants have plastids, and plants do not have centrioles unlike animals.

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15
Q

differences is fungal cells

A

fungal cells have cell wall and vacuole but no plastids or centrioles

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16
Q

exceptions to cell theory

A

red blood cells: don’t have nucleus

phloem sieve tube elements: no nucleus- moves sugar

skeletal muscle: connected to skeleton,fusion of muscle cells, has many nuclei

aseptate fungal hyphae- anchor fungus, many nuclei

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17
Q

how many layers in cell membrane?

A

2, phospholipid bilayer

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18
Q

phospholipids are hydrophobic and hydrophilic. what is this called?

A

amphipathic

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19
Q

which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

A

the lipid tails

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20
Q

which part of phospholipid is hydrophilic?

A

the head

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21
Q

developments in microscopy

A

freeze fracture electron microscopes- breaks apart frozen image -see image up to 1 mill x bigger
fluorescent stains- uses uv and ir to add color and see certain things
cryogenic electron microscopy- froze, rotated. sees protein shapes

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22
Q

resolution definition

A

the ability to tell that 2 images aren’t one

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23
Q

magnification formula

A

image/ actual

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24
Q

actual magnification

A

objective lense x eyepiece

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25
Q

structures all cells have

A

plasma
cytoplasm
dna

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26
Q

structures all cells have

A

plasma
cytoplasm
dna

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27
Q

lysis definition

A

breaks apart- death of cell

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28
Q

where is metabolism

A

cytoplasm

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29
Q

what is the prokaryotic cell wall made of

A

peptidoglycan

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30
Q

what are the dark spots on prokaryotic micrograph

A

proteins

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31
Q

prokaryotic nucleoid region

A

where dna is
light region
no proteins

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32
Q

requirements of eukaryotic cell

A

multicellular, has nucleus, or both

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33
Q

eukaryotic nucleus

A

round, large, has protein, 2 membranes, protects

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34
Q

eukaryotic smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

makes lipids and other molecules

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35
Q

eukaryotic rough er

A

ribosomes attached
connected tubes for easy transport(cisterna)

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36
Q

eukaryotic Golgi Apparatus

A

not connected tubes & cisterna that takes proteins from rough ER
changes fixed proteins because of separated tubes

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37
Q

eukaryotic lysosomes

A

single membrane spheres
breaks down proteins, wastes

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38
Q

eukaryotic mitochondria

A

makes energy in form of atp by cell respiration
2 membranes- the 2nd has folds to add surface area for cell respiration

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39
Q

eukaryotic free ribosomes

A

80s
makes proteins for cell itself

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40
Q

eukaryotic chloroplasts

A

only plants
photosynthesis

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41
Q

eukaryotic vacuoles and vesicles

A

storage and transport
vesicles take ribosomes from ER to golgi
vacuoles mainly used for storing water
mainly empty

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42
Q

eukaryotic vacuoles and vesicles

A

storage and transport
vesicles take ribosomes from er to golgi
vacuoles mainly used for storing water
mainly empty

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43
Q

eukaryotic cilia & flagella

A

move cell around

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44
Q

microtubules, centrioles, & cytoskeleton

A

microtubules make up the centrioles and is held together by proteins, which makes up cytoskeleton

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45
Q

what is homeostasis

A

maintenance of internal stable condition- keeps cell alive

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46
Q

what is metabolism

A

responsible for all chemical reactions

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47
Q

processes of life for all organisms

A

homeostasis
chemical reactions
nutrition
growth
respond to stimuli
reproduction

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48
Q

which eukaryotic groups have plastids

A

plants

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49
Q

which eukaryotic groups have cell wall

A

plants and fungi

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50
Q

which eukaryotic groups have vacuoles

A

plants-large central & fungi. animals can have some small

51
Q

which eukaryotic groups have centrioles

A

animals

52
Q

which eukaryotic groups have undulipodia(moves cell )

A

animals, plants have a few and fungi have few

53
Q

hydrophobic

A

doesn’t mix with water- non polar

54
Q

hydrophilic

A

does mix with water- polar

55
Q

how does the phospholipid bilayer arrange

A

it’s automatic. the head is attracted to water and the tails to each other. the outside layer of heads are attracted to the outside

56
Q

how thick is the cell membrane

A

10 nanometers - .01mm

57
Q

what kind of molecules get through the cell membrane easier

A

non polar ones. ex: oxygen and carbon dioxide

58
Q

where are hydrophobic molecules are attracted to in the membrane

A

the inside

59
Q

where are hydrophilic molecules are attracted to in the membrane

A

the outside

60
Q

high energy molecules means what?

A

not bonding, opposite polarity

61
Q

what is simple diffusion

A

molecule spread out bc of random motion
high to low concentration either down gradient or with it

62
Q

concentration gradient

A

different concentrations

63
Q

passive meaning

A

doesn’t require energy- diffusion

64
Q

simple diffusion in cell membrane

A

only small non polar molecules can get across easily. example: oxygen in the cornea

65
Q

2 types of proteins in membranes

A

integral: all the way across
peripheral: either on top or bottom

66
Q

example of cell with not a lot of proteins

A

neuron cell

67
Q

how does cell activity impact proteins

A

more active=more proteins

68
Q

aquaporins

A

membrane proteins that allows water through- integral

69
Q

osmosis

A

when water enters or leaves cell

70
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

when molecules move down concentration gradient but using membrane protein

71
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

when molecules move down concentration gradient but using membrane protein

72
Q

channeled protein

A

allows molecules in & out. its flows(no energy required) specific structure

73
Q

active transport

A

uses energy, against concentration gradient. pumped
low to high
one way
uses membrane protein

74
Q

selective permeability

A

form and function determines what gets in and out. its specific

75
Q

glycoproteins

A

made from carbohydrates and a protein
protein is embedded and carb sticks off
protein is non polar and carb is polar

76
Q

glycolipid

A

lipid is embedded and carb sticks off

77
Q

functions of glycolipids and glycoproteins

A

recognizes other cells, determines if good or bad. cell to cell fusion- gets cells to stick together to form tissues

78
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

best model of membrane. fluid- moves cell
mosaic- different proteins and fluids

79
Q

prokaryotes: membrane bound organelles?

A

prokaryotes don’t have membrane bound organelles. a good thing is that it’s efficient since everything is in one place. and bad thing is that there’s no separation of processes. there’s interference

80
Q

eukaryotes: membrane bound organelles?

A

eukaryotes do have membrane bound organelles. this uses compartmentalization

81
Q

compartmentalization

A

keeping things separate.
- enzymes and substrates in small area(high concentration)
-keeps harmful substances away from each other
-separation of different pH
-movement
-concentration gradient

82
Q

polarity meaning

A

partially negative charged and partially positive charged=attracted

83
Q

solute

A

being dissolved

84
Q

solvent

A

doing the dissolving

85
Q

concentration meaning

A

amount of solute in solution

86
Q

cytoplasm and osmosis

A

high solute means less water. the high solute will want to go where there is less solute and the low water will want to go where there is high water

87
Q

hypotonic

A

lower concentration than other solution.
water moves away
causes cell to swell if solution is outside

88
Q

hypertonic

A

higher concentration
water goes towards
shrinks cell

89
Q

isotonic

A

same concentrations
water goes both ways at same rate

90
Q

water crossing cell membrane

A

more often than the solute
appears to be low to high but it’s really high to low

91
Q

what organelles do eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells both have?

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes

92
Q

what are the 4 components of cell membranes?

A

phospholipid
protein
carbohydrate
cholesterol

93
Q

functions of the glycoproteins and glycolipids

A

cell to cell recognition
act as receptor sites for chemical signals
acting as binding of cells into tissues

94
Q

what will happen if a typical animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

the cell will burst because of the large entry of water by osmosis

95
Q

what will happen if an animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

the cell will shrink due to losing water from cytoplasm

96
Q

what is a stem cell?

A

an undifferentiated cell with potential to divide and differentiate

97
Q

is osmosis high to low concentration or low to high concentration?

A

osmosis is high to low concentration with water, but if it’s with a solute it is low to high concentration.

98
Q

What are some uses of an isotonic solution?

A

contact solution, transporting organs, liquid in IV’s

Example sentence: An isotonic solution is commonly used in contact lens solution to match the osmotic pressure of the eye’s natural fluids.

99
Q

What is meant by “turgidity”?

A

Turgidity means that the cell is full of water

Example sentence: Plant cells rely on turgidity to maintain their structure and support.

100
Q

When a concentrated solution of glucose is separated from a dilute solution of glucose by a partially permeable membrane, determine which solution will show a net gain of water molecules.

A

The water will go towards the concentrated solution of glucose. The glucose solution will have a net gain.

Example sentence: This process is known as osmosis and is crucial for maintaining proper water balance in cells.

101
Q

Explain, using your knowledge of osmosis, what happens to a fungal spore that starts to grow after landing on jam made from fruit and its own weight of sucrose.

A

The fungal spore is hypotonic and has a high amount of water so the water is moving away and the concentration in the jam is moving inside the fungal spore.

Example sentence: Osmosis plays a role in nutrient absorption and growth in various organisms.

102
Q

State three sources where stem cells can be obtained.

A

Bone marrow, hair, nails

Example sentence: Bone marrow is a common source of adult stem cells used in medical treatments.

103
Q

Distinguish between totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent.

A

Totipotent- most potential to differentiate, zygotes or early embryos

Pluripotent- potential to differentiate, later embryos or developing fetuses

Multipotent- quite limited potential, already mostly differentiated

Example sentence: Understanding the different types of stem cells is crucial for their therapeutic applications.

104
Q

State two significant features about stem cells that make them suitable for stem cell therapy.

A

They haven’t differentiated yet
They can divide

Example sentence: The ability of stem cells to differentiate and replace damaged tissues is the basis of stem cell therapy.

105
Q

What happens to the surface area to volume ratio as a cell increases in size?

A

The ratio gets smaller

Example sentence: Cells need to maintain a high surface area to volume ratio for efficient nutrient exchange and waste removal.

106
Q

What is the function of the surface area of a cell?

A

Cells want more surface area for a small amount of volume so that there is easier transport of materials and for sped up chemical reactions.

Example sentence: Microvilli on the surface of cells increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients.

107
Q

Describe some examples of how certain cells’ sizes are directly related to their function.

A

White blood cells are small so they can get places easily to fight antibodies
Sperm cells are small to allow for more of them

Example sentence: The size and shape of cells are intricately linked to their specialized functions in the body.

108
Q

reasons for new cells

A

-cell maintenance- replacing cells
-to grow- add cells
-reproduction- single cell organisms reproduce by cell division

109
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

the actual process of cell division

110
Q

cytokinesis in animals

A

-Cleavage Furrow-center where its being pulled
-Actin and Myosin-proteins that pull cell membrane to cleavage furrow-pinches cell

111
Q

cytokinesis in plants

A

-Cell Wall is rigid and doesn’t allow pinch
- Vesicicles Full Of proteins Move to center Of CelI and Fuse together
- Pectins- build new cell Wall
- Lamella- pre cell wall

112
Q

unequal cytokinesis

A

Both new cells still get same
DNA
ex: budding in yeast
- Eukaryotes
- buds off parent
- don’t have to grow first-duplicate Fast
-many times
ex 2: Oogenesis: production of egg cell
- Only 1 cell
- polar body
-end with 1 large cell and 2 dissolved polar bodies

113
Q

examples of unequal cytokinesis

A

budding in yeast
-eukaryotes
-buds off parent
-doesn’t have to grow first so they duplicate fast many times
Oogenesis
-production of egg cell
-only 1 cell
-ends with 1 large cell and 2 dissolved polar bodies

114
Q

examples of unequal cytokinesis

A

budding in yeast
-eukaryotes
-buds off parent
-doesn’t have to grow first so they duplicate fast many times
Oogenesis
-production of egg cell
-only 1 cell
-ends with 1 large cell and 2 dissolved polar bodies

115
Q

when does the nucleus divide

A

the nucleus has to divide with cytoplasm first

116
Q

example of division without nucleus

A

red blood cells- divide quickly

117
Q

2 types of nuclear division

A
  1. mitosis
    -making identical copies
    - same number of chromosomes it started with
    -tissue production and sexual reproduction
  2. meiosis
    -reproductive cells
    -number of chromosomes cut in half
    -not identical copies-increases genetic diversity
118
Q

when should dna duplicate

A

dna must duplicate before nuclear division

119
Q

dna replication

A

-chromosomes become double stranded
-duplicant is connected to original-same number of chromosomes
-amount of dna has doubled
-sister chromatids are attached together in chromosome held together by protein called cohesin
-cohesin is cut and sisters are separated
-single stranded chromosomes again

120
Q

why are chromosomes condensed first in nuclear division

A

makes it easier to move

121
Q

histone protein in condensing of chromosomes

A

dna wraps around bundle of histones which then wraps around that bundle and keeps compounding until very dense- called supercoiling

122
Q

microtubules in cell division

A

attach to cohesin and pull it apart to opposite sides

123
Q

microtubule organizing center

A

proteins that organize and pull apart chromosomes

124
Q

phases of mitosis

A

interphase: when dna duplicates-single to double stranded

prophase: chromosomes condense, mtoc forms, nucleus dissolves

metaphase:moved to middle so can be pulled apart evenly

anaphase: chromosomes pulled apart to opposite sides

telophase: chromosomes uncondense, mtoc dissolves, 2 nuclei reform-1 around both sets of chromosomes

Ib bio (2 decks)

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