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Unit 2 Flashcards

molecular biology

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1
Q

Unique properties of water

A

electrons aren’t shared equally-partial charges
water is polar

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2
Q

what is a hydrogen bond

A

bond between partially charged hydrogen and another partially charged molecule

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3
Q

what is the reason behind waters properties

A

its polar and forms hydrogen bonds as a result

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4
Q

what is the reason for polarity

A

the covalent bonds don’t share electrons equally
-called polar covalent bonds

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5
Q

what is the difference between a covalent and hydrogen bond

A

covalent-bond inside molecule(INTRAmolecular)

hydrogen- between 2 different molecules(INTERmolecular force)

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6
Q

what is cohesion in water

A

water sticking to itself because of polarity and hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

how do hydrogen bonds break

A

energy input

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8
Q

examples of cohesion in water

A

water moving through plants using xylem
water as habitat-surface tension(elastic membrane)

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9
Q

what is adhesion in water

A

molecules sticking to other molecules

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10
Q

examples of adhesion

A

water moving up through soil to the plants becaus the water is more attracted to the polar plant than the polar soil

capillary action-water moving against gravity

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11
Q

what can water dissolve easily

A

other polar substances

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12
Q

what are the 2 major processes in living things

A

metabolism:chemical reactions
-mainly made of polar molecules
-takes place in aqueous areas so particles can be dissolved first

transport: transport of dissolved particles in water
-plants’ phloem does this to move sugar
-vertebrate animals’ blood vessels moving substances which moves easier if dissolved in water

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13
Q

buoyancy in water

A

whether something can or can’t float
-most living things have similar buoyancy to water so they can get in water but still move around in it
-water is more buoyant than air

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14
Q

viscosity in water

A

ability to flow
-water has high viscosity because of hydrogen bonds
-water allows living things to stay in place if needed
-has higher viscosity than air

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15
Q

thermal conductivity

A

how easy heat moves through
-water absorbs and moves heat very easily
-higher than air

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16
Q

specific heat

A

amount of heat/energy needed to change temperature
-state doesn’t change even as energy increases
-hydrogen bonds absorb heat
-higher than air

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17
Q

how is sweat used as a coolant

A

since the latent heat of vaporization in water is very high, when the water in sweat evaporates it cools the skin since a lot of heat is lost with the evaporation.

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18
Q

what allows carbon to form 4 bonds

A

its 4 valence electrons

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19
Q

what are the big 4 types of carbon compounds

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

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20
Q

What is a monomer

A

monomers are what a polymer is made of

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21
Q

what are the 2 chemical reactions needed to put monomers together

A

Condensation and hydrolysis reactions

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22
Q

What is a condensation reaction

A

a condensation reaction links monomers together to build polymers
-water is a byproduct
-hydroxyl and hydrogen from 2 different molecules are removed and combined to form water which connects carbon

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23
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

it releases energy and uses up water
-water is broken apart which breaks bonded between carbons into 2 monomers

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24
Q

what do nucleic acids do

A

they form DNA which gives instructions for everything about us

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25
Q

what is the monomer for nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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26
Q

Parts of a nucleotide(know how to draw)

A

1st part: 5 carbon sugar
2nd: nitrogen base connected to carbon 1
3rd: phosphate
connected by strong covalent bonds

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27
Q

how is a nucleotide connected to another nucleotide to form nucleic acid

A

the phosphate of the second nucleotide is connected to the 3rd carbon of the first

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28
Q

differences between RNA and DNA

A
  1. DNA nitrogen bases are A,T,G,C and RNA nitrogen bases are A,U,G,C
  2. DNA’s sugar is deoxyribose and RNA’s is ribose
    3.DNA has 2 strands, RNA just has 1
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29
Q

what shape is a carbohydrate usually

A

rings

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30
Q

function of carbohydrates

A

short term energy storage and usage

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31
Q

what is the monomer for carbs

A

sugars-monosaccharide(one ring of carbon)

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32
Q

Size of carbohydrate

A

usually 5 or 6 carbons
5:pentose
6:hexose

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33
Q

glucose properties

A

C6H12O6
small for easy transport
polar for easy transport
carries energy where it needs to

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34
Q

what are the two types of glucose

A

alpha glucose: if hydroxide is below carbon 1
beta glucose: if hydroxide is above carbon 1

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35
Q

what is starch

A

a polysaccharide
made of alpha glucose
connects by carbon 1 and carbon 4
used for energy storage in plants
spiral like
spiral allows for break down of starch for releasing energy

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36
Q

types of starch

A

amylose:normal alpha glucose connected together
amylopectin: forms branches and stores more energy

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37
Q

what is glycogen

A

polysaccharide very similar to starch but with more branches
tons of energy storage
mainly for animals

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38
Q

what is cellulose

A

polysaccharide made of beta glucose
very straight chain, strong structure
in plant cell walls-makes it rigid
for structure not storage(exception)

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39
Q

what is a glyco protein

A

a sugar(carbon) and a protein
for cell to cell recognition
glycoproteins make red blood cells different

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40
Q

what is a lipid

A

non polar substances with no specific monomer

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41
Q

4 categories of lipids

A

oils-liquid at room temp
fats-solid at room temp
waxes-solid until really really hot
steroids-4 rings of carbon

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42
Q

triglyceride properties

A

a lipid found in fat/adipose tissue
most important lipid
fats are used for long term energy storage
fat is in organs, brain, skin

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43
Q

reasons for triglyceride energy storage

A

very stable since they dont dissolve easy-non polar
triglyceride the same size as starch holds twice the amount of energy as the starch
secondary function of fat is warmth and insulation(called blubber in aqueous animals)

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44
Q

monomers of triglycerides

A

glycerol and fatty acid
glycerol backbone is connect to 3 fatty acids
(similar to phospholipids)

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45
Q

structure of fatty acid

A

long chain of carbs each connected to hydrogen with oxygen at end
15-20 carbons in length
1st kind:
-double bond(unsaturated, many means polyunsaturated)
-has bends and twists for easier energy release-melts at lower temp
2nd kind:
-saturated(no double bonds)
-straight shape
-not easily broken down
-full of hydrogen and single bonds

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46
Q

steriod properties

A

lipid
4 rings of carbon
functional groups:anything extra that changes molecule
very non polar
easily gets across cell membrane because it is easily absorbed by cells-changes cell fast

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47
Q

protein properties

A

most important
many different proteins, many diff functions
monomer is amino acids

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48
Q

amino acid structure

A

-central carbon
-carboxyl group(carbon: 4 oxygen: 2 hydrogen: 1)
-amine group(nitrogen: 1 hydrogen: 2)
-hydrogen off central carbon
-R group off central carbon(20 different amino acids)

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49
Q

translation reaction

A

type of condensation reaction for building proteins-builds covalent bonds called peptide bonds

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50
Q

polypeptide

A

chain after peptide bonds. cant be protein until it has 3D shape from bending

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51
Q

how do plants get their 20 amino acids

A

plants can make from scratch by absorbing nutrients from soil

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52
Q

how do animals get their amino acids

A

have to get it from plants or animals that have eaten plants

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53
Q

what does it mean for an amino acid to be essential

A

we can’t build the amino acid from another

54
Q

what does it mean for an amino acid to be non essential

A

we can build from other amino acid

55
Q

how do cells know what amino acid to add to build protein

A

the genetic code in DNA

56
Q

how to find number of polypeptide possibilities

A

each amino acid added multiply by 20

57
Q

polypeptide examples

A

endorphins: happiness
insulin:regulates blood sugar,made of 2 polypeptides
amylase: enzyme that breaks down starch into glucose,big
titin: found in muscle cells, biggest we know of

58
Q

what gives protein 3D shape

A

r groups lead to different bonding which gives protein 3D shape

59
Q

how does temperature affect proteins

A

heat breaks bond and makes protein wrong shape

60
Q

pH definition

A

measure of h+ ions and OH- ions
-up pH scale means to much OH-, down means too much h+
-changes shape of proteins

61
Q

what is denaturation

A

protein shape changes

62
Q

catalyst definition

A

speed up reactions-can be organic or inorganic

63
Q

what is an organic catalyst called

A

enzymes

64
Q

how do catalysts affect life

A

life wouldn’t exist if it existed at speeds without catalysts

65
Q

how do enzymes affect metabolism

A

• every chemical reaction uses enzymes
• All chemical resitions are tied together
•series and cycles
• enzymes make that work
•enzymes are specific to specific chemical reactions
• thousands of different enzymes for thousands of different reactions

66
Q

reasons why enzymes are specific

A
  1. cell respiration- controls metabolism
  2. More or less of enzyme
  3. We can change its shape
67
Q

what is an anabolic reaction

A

use energy from environment-stores energy-makes bonds
-condensation reactions

68
Q

anabolic reaction examples

A

building of proteins-translation
building DNA in interphase
building carbohydrates in photosynthesis

69
Q

what is a catabolic reaction

A

energy is released into environment-bonds broken, water broken
-hydrolysis

70
Q

catabolic reaction examples

A

digestion
cell respiration

71
Q

what is the reactant in an enzyme catalyst reaction

A

the substrate

72
Q

what is the active site

A

place on enzyme where substrate fits on

73
Q

how many amino acids are at location of active site

A

only a few, but they are all involved in overall shape of enzyme

74
Q

how do substrate and enzyme come into contact

A

by random movement

75
Q

ways to increase substrate-enzyme attraction

A

increase temperature to make them move around mire
increase amount
decrease volume-ex: compartmentalization in organelles
induced fit binding: bonds formed between active site and substrate
both change shape which affects molecule they’re changing into

76
Q

factors that change enzyme activity

A

temperature: speeds up reaction,can make enzyme not function if bonds break and shape changes
pH: low means too much positive charge,high means too much negative charge-both change shape
substrate concentration: more means all enzymes get used, but reaches limit.-raise limit by adding enzymes

77
Q

rate formula

A

amount/time

78
Q

transition state

A

as active site is attaching to substrate-bonding
short time
also called enzyme substrate complex

79
Q

how does an enzyme affect activation energy

A

the active site forms and breaks bonds like activation energy does, so if there is an enzyme not as much activation energy is required
-total amount of energy doesn’t change, time does

80
Q

how does activation energy affect rate of reaction

A

as activation energy goes down, rate of reaction goes up

81
Q

purpose of ATP

A

in every living thing for energy
ATP is constantly turned into ADP to release energy and turned back into ATP to store energy

82
Q

structure of ATP

A

central 5 carbon sugar
ribose is connected to nitrogen base Adenine
connected to 3 phosphates

83
Q

where does ATP carry energy

A

mostly in bond to 3rd phosphate

84
Q

why is ATP better than glucose

A

can store lots of little packets to different places unlike glucose

85
Q

ATP properties

A

soluble-easily transported
stable at certain pH and temperature
movement is restrictive since it is polar and the
cell membrane is non polar

86
Q

what is the transition from ATP to ADP

A

-fast and efficient
allows for spread of small amounts of energy

87
Q

ATP examples

A

active transport
condensation/anabolic reactions

88
Q

purpose of cell respiration

A

taking energy out of bigger molecules and spreading around into little molecules of ATP

89
Q

how do living things get their energy

A

mainly carbohydrates and lipids
-animals get from plants or other animals
-plants get from soil and photosynthesis

90
Q

what is usually required and produced during cell respiration

A

oxygen is usually required
CO2 usually produced

91
Q

what is the movement of gases during cell reparation called

A

gas exchange
ex: respiratory system

92
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

-uses oxygen
-inputs:oxygen and carbohydrates,lipids, or proteins
-results in around 30 ATP per glucose
-mainly happens in mitochondria

93
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

doesn’t require oxygen
inputs:only carbohydrates
-results in 2 ATP per glucose
-happens in cytoplasm

94
Q

Aerobic respiration formula

A

O2+C6H12O6-> CO2+Water(ATP as well but not technically since it is used in reaction)

95
Q

Anaerobic respiration formula in yeast and fungi

A

C6H12O6-> CO2 and alcohol

96
Q

Anaerobic respiration formula in animals and bacteria

A

C6H12O6-> lactic acid

97
Q

benefit to aerobic respiration in humans

A

-more beneficial for producing more energy
-natural selection carried it on

98
Q

anaerobic respiration benefit in humans

A

-better for excersise since oxygen isn’t required

99
Q

what causes soreness

A

anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid which can build up. oxygen is needed to break it down which means it isn’t performing cell respiration which causes soreness

100
Q

examples of dependent variables is measuring rate of cell respiration

A

-oxygen used
-co2 production
-water production
-sugar consumption

101
Q

what is a respirometer

A

measures oxygen consumed usually

102
Q

photosynthesis definition

A

builds carbon compounds using light energy. light energy is turned into chemical energy

103
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

CO2+H2O-> C6H12O6+ O2

104
Q

1st step of photosynthesis

A

Photolysis:light breaks up water,releasing oxygen
-comes from water
-electrons take energy from water which is then stored in glucose

105
Q

visible light range

A

400-700

106
Q

what is under the visible light range

A

UV and xrays

107
Q

what’s above visible light range

A

infrared and radio waves

108
Q

what is chlorophyll

A

pigment in photosynthesis

109
Q

what is a pigment

A

molecule that aborbs some light and reflects others

110
Q

how does wavelength affect energy

A

the lower the wavelength,the higher the energy

111
Q

what happens to energy that isn’t absorbed

A

it is reflected which gives us color

112
Q

what colors is chlorphyll good at absorbing

A

reds-are higher
blues-are lower

113
Q

what colors is chlorphyll not good as absorbing

A

greens and yellows-middle range
green is reflected

114
Q

what properties is chromatography looking for

A

polarity
density

115
Q

in chromatography which chlorophyll will move up more

A

really polar, low density

116
Q

rf value

A

distance moved by pigment/distance moved by solvent

117
Q

absorption spectrum

A

measures the light absorbed at different wavelengths
x axis:wavelength
y: absorption amount

118
Q

action spectrum

A

photosynthesis rate at different wavelengths of light
x:wavelength
y:photosynthesis rate

119
Q

compare and contrast absorption vs action spectrum

A

look similar because light absorbed correlates with photosynthesis rate
-absorption is individual chlorphyll
-action is plant as a whole

120
Q

limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

similar to enzymes because photosynthesis contains reactions
-CO2(substrate)
-temperature
-light intensity

121
Q

how does temperature affect photosynthesis rate

A

-heat can destroy cells
-enzymes lost
-water evaporates
-increase rate until denaturation

122
Q

how does co2 and light affect photosynthesis rate

A

-cant harm plant
-more input,more product
-chlorophyll amount is limited so there is limit for how much light can be absorbed at 1 time

123
Q

ways to measure photosynthesis rate

A

-glucose made-measured by mass bc it correlates with cell growth
-oxygen made-measured by tool or underwater bc bubbles produced means oxygen
-co2 used-measured underwater or by pH change-co2 is acidic

124
Q

future of photosynthesis

A

co2 increases growth to certain amount
-CO2 is going up with might cause more crop growth

125
Q

what is crop growth good for

A

growing population
store more CO2 and help level
help climate change

126
Q

What are FACE experiments looking for

A

an example is circle of towers pumping CO2 on crops
-theyre looking for variables

127
Q

carbohydrates contains what elements

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

128
Q

lipids contains what elements

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

129
Q

proteins contain what elements

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

130
Q

nucleic acid contains what elements

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus

Ib bio (3 decks)

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