Unit 2 Flashcards
molecular biology
Unique properties of water
electrons aren’t shared equally-partial charges
water is polar
what is a hydrogen bond
bond between partially charged hydrogen and another partially charged molecule
what is the reason behind waters properties
its polar and forms hydrogen bonds as a result
what is the reason for polarity
the covalent bonds don’t share electrons equally
-called polar covalent bonds
what is the difference between a covalent and hydrogen bond
covalent-bond inside molecule(INTRAmolecular)
hydrogen- between 2 different molecules(INTERmolecular force)
what is cohesion in water
water sticking to itself because of polarity and hydrogen bonds
how do hydrogen bonds break
energy input
examples of cohesion in water
water moving through plants using xylem
water as habitat-surface tension(elastic membrane)
what is adhesion in water
molecules sticking to other molecules
examples of adhesion
water moving up through soil to the plants becaus the water is more attracted to the polar plant than the polar soil
capillary action-water moving against gravity
what can water dissolve easily
other polar substances
what are the 2 major processes in living things
metabolism:chemical reactions
-mainly made of polar molecules
-takes place in aqueous areas so particles can be dissolved first
transport: transport of dissolved particles in water
-plants’ phloem does this to move sugar
-vertebrate animals’ blood vessels moving substances which moves easier if dissolved in water
buoyancy in water
whether something can or can’t float
-most living things have similar buoyancy to water so they can get in water but still move around in it
-water is more buoyant than air
viscosity in water
ability to flow
-water has high viscosity because of hydrogen bonds
-water allows living things to stay in place if needed
-has higher viscosity than air
thermal conductivity
how easy heat moves through
-water absorbs and moves heat very easily
-higher than air
specific heat
amount of heat/energy needed to change temperature
-state doesn’t change even as energy increases
-hydrogen bonds absorb heat
-higher than air
how is sweat used as a coolant
since the latent heat of vaporization in water is very high, when the water in sweat evaporates it cools the skin since a lot of heat is lost with the evaporation.
what allows carbon to form 4 bonds
its 4 valence electrons
what are the big 4 types of carbon compounds
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
What is a monomer
monomers are what a polymer is made of
what are the 2 chemical reactions needed to put monomers together
Condensation and hydrolysis reactions
What is a condensation reaction
a condensation reaction links monomers together to build polymers
-water is a byproduct
-hydroxyl and hydrogen from 2 different molecules are removed and combined to form water which connects carbon
what is a hydrolysis reaction
it releases energy and uses up water
-water is broken apart which breaks bonded between carbons into 2 monomers
what do nucleic acids do
they form DNA which gives instructions for everything about us
what is the monomer for nucleic acids
nucleotides
Parts of a nucleotide(know how to draw)
1st part: 5 carbon sugar
2nd: nitrogen base connected to carbon 1
3rd: phosphate
connected by strong covalent bonds
how is a nucleotide connected to another nucleotide to form nucleic acid
the phosphate of the second nucleotide is connected to the 3rd carbon of the first
differences between RNA and DNA
- DNA nitrogen bases are A,T,G,C and RNA nitrogen bases are A,U,G,C
- DNA’s sugar is deoxyribose and RNA’s is ribose
3.DNA has 2 strands, RNA just has 1
what shape is a carbohydrate usually
rings
function of carbohydrates
short term energy storage and usage
what is the monomer for carbs
sugars-monosaccharide(one ring of carbon)
Size of carbohydrate
usually 5 or 6 carbons
5:pentose
6:hexose
glucose properties
C6H12O6
small for easy transport
polar for easy transport
carries energy where it needs to
what are the two types of glucose
alpha glucose: if hydroxide is below carbon 1
beta glucose: if hydroxide is above carbon 1
what is starch
a polysaccharide
made of alpha glucose
connects by carbon 1 and carbon 4
used for energy storage in plants
spiral like
spiral allows for break down of starch for releasing energy
types of starch
amylose:normal alpha glucose connected together
amylopectin: forms branches and stores more energy
what is glycogen
polysaccharide very similar to starch but with more branches
tons of energy storage
mainly for animals
what is cellulose
polysaccharide made of beta glucose
very straight chain, strong structure
in plant cell walls-makes it rigid
for structure not storage(exception)
what is a glyco protein
a sugar(carbon) and a protein
for cell to cell recognition
glycoproteins make red blood cells different
what is a lipid
non polar substances with no specific monomer
4 categories of lipids
oils-liquid at room temp
fats-solid at room temp
waxes-solid until really really hot
steroids-4 rings of carbon
triglyceride properties
a lipid found in fat/adipose tissue
most important lipid
fats are used for long term energy storage
fat is in organs, brain, skin
reasons for triglyceride energy storage
very stable since they dont dissolve easy-non polar
triglyceride the same size as starch holds twice the amount of energy as the starch
secondary function of fat is warmth and insulation(called blubber in aqueous animals)
monomers of triglycerides
glycerol and fatty acid
glycerol backbone is connect to 3 fatty acids
(similar to phospholipids)
structure of fatty acid
long chain of carbs each connected to hydrogen with oxygen at end
15-20 carbons in length
1st kind:
-double bond(unsaturated, many means polyunsaturated)
-has bends and twists for easier energy release-melts at lower temp
2nd kind:
-saturated(no double bonds)
-straight shape
-not easily broken down
-full of hydrogen and single bonds
steriod properties
lipid
4 rings of carbon
functional groups:anything extra that changes molecule
very non polar
easily gets across cell membrane because it is easily absorbed by cells-changes cell fast
protein properties
most important
many different proteins, many diff functions
monomer is amino acids
amino acid structure
-central carbon
-carboxyl group(carbon: 4 oxygen: 2 hydrogen: 1)
-amine group(nitrogen: 1 hydrogen: 2)
-hydrogen off central carbon
-R group off central carbon(20 different amino acids)
translation reaction
type of condensation reaction for building proteins-builds covalent bonds called peptide bonds
polypeptide
chain after peptide bonds. cant be protein until it has 3D shape from bending
how do plants get their 20 amino acids
plants can make from scratch by absorbing nutrients from soil
how do animals get their amino acids
have to get it from plants or animals that have eaten plants
what does it mean for an amino acid to be essential
we can’t build the amino acid from another
what does it mean for an amino acid to be non essential
we can build from other amino acid
how do cells know what amino acid to add to build protein
the genetic code in DNA
how to find number of polypeptide possibilities
each amino acid added multiply by 20
polypeptide examples
endorphins: happiness
insulin:regulates blood sugar,made of 2 polypeptides
amylase: enzyme that breaks down starch into glucose,big
titin: found in muscle cells, biggest we know of
what gives protein 3D shape
r groups lead to different bonding which gives protein 3D shape
how does temperature affect proteins
heat breaks bond and makes protein wrong shape
pH definition
measure of h+ ions and OH- ions
-up pH scale means to much OH-, down means too much h+
-changes shape of proteins
what is denaturation
protein shape changes
catalyst definition
speed up reactions-can be organic or inorganic
what is an organic catalyst called
enzymes
how do catalysts affect life
life wouldn’t exist if it existed at speeds without catalysts
how do enzymes affect metabolism
• every chemical reaction uses enzymes
• All chemical resitions are tied together
•series and cycles
• enzymes make that work
•enzymes are specific to specific chemical reactions
• thousands of different enzymes for thousands of different reactions
reasons why enzymes are specific
- cell respiration- controls metabolism
- More or less of enzyme
- We can change its shape
what is an anabolic reaction
use energy from environment-stores energy-makes bonds
-condensation reactions
anabolic reaction examples
building of proteins-translation
building DNA in interphase
building carbohydrates in photosynthesis
what is a catabolic reaction
energy is released into environment-bonds broken, water broken
-hydrolysis
catabolic reaction examples
digestion
cell respiration
what is the reactant in an enzyme catalyst reaction
the substrate
what is the active site
place on enzyme where substrate fits on
how many amino acids are at location of active site
only a few, but they are all involved in overall shape of enzyme
how do substrate and enzyme come into contact
by random movement
ways to increase substrate-enzyme attraction
increase temperature to make them move around mire
increase amount
decrease volume-ex: compartmentalization in organelles
induced fit binding: bonds formed between active site and substrate
both change shape which affects molecule they’re changing into
factors that change enzyme activity
temperature: speeds up reaction,can make enzyme not function if bonds break and shape changes
pH: low means too much positive charge,high means too much negative charge-both change shape
substrate concentration: more means all enzymes get used, but reaches limit.-raise limit by adding enzymes
rate formula
amount/time
transition state
as active site is attaching to substrate-bonding
short time
also called enzyme substrate complex
how does an enzyme affect activation energy
the active site forms and breaks bonds like activation energy does, so if there is an enzyme not as much activation energy is required
-total amount of energy doesn’t change, time does
how does activation energy affect rate of reaction
as activation energy goes down, rate of reaction goes up
purpose of ATP
in every living thing for energy
ATP is constantly turned into ADP to release energy and turned back into ATP to store energy
structure of ATP
central 5 carbon sugar
ribose is connected to nitrogen base Adenine
connected to 3 phosphates
where does ATP carry energy
mostly in bond to 3rd phosphate
why is ATP better than glucose
can store lots of little packets to different places unlike glucose
ATP properties
soluble-easily transported
stable at certain pH and temperature
movement is restrictive since it is polar and the
cell membrane is non polar
what is the transition from ATP to ADP
-fast and efficient
allows for spread of small amounts of energy
ATP examples
active transport
condensation/anabolic reactions
purpose of cell respiration
taking energy out of bigger molecules and spreading around into little molecules of ATP
how do living things get their energy
mainly carbohydrates and lipids
-animals get from plants or other animals
-plants get from soil and photosynthesis
what is usually required and produced during cell respiration
oxygen is usually required
CO2 usually produced
what is the movement of gases during cell reparation called
gas exchange
ex: respiratory system
what is aerobic respiration
-uses oxygen
-inputs:oxygen and carbohydrates,lipids, or proteins
-results in around 30 ATP per glucose
-mainly happens in mitochondria
what is anaerobic respiration
doesn’t require oxygen
inputs:only carbohydrates
-results in 2 ATP per glucose
-happens in cytoplasm
Aerobic respiration formula
O2+C6H12O6-> CO2+Water(ATP as well but not technically since it is used in reaction)
Anaerobic respiration formula in yeast and fungi
C6H12O6-> CO2 and alcohol
Anaerobic respiration formula in animals and bacteria
C6H12O6-> lactic acid
benefit to aerobic respiration in humans
-more beneficial for producing more energy
-natural selection carried it on
anaerobic respiration benefit in humans
-better for excersise since oxygen isn’t required
what causes soreness
anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid which can build up. oxygen is needed to break it down which means it isn’t performing cell respiration which causes soreness
examples of dependent variables is measuring rate of cell respiration
-oxygen used
-co2 production
-water production
-sugar consumption
what is a respirometer
measures oxygen consumed usually
photosynthesis definition
builds carbon compounds using light energy. light energy is turned into chemical energy
photosynthesis equation
CO2+H2O-> C6H12O6+ O2
1st step of photosynthesis
Photolysis:light breaks up water,releasing oxygen
-comes from water
-electrons take energy from water which is then stored in glucose
visible light range
400-700
what is under the visible light range
UV and xrays
what’s above visible light range
infrared and radio waves
what is chlorophyll
pigment in photosynthesis
what is a pigment
molecule that aborbs some light and reflects others
how does wavelength affect energy
the lower the wavelength,the higher the energy
what happens to energy that isn’t absorbed
it is reflected which gives us color
what colors is chlorphyll good at absorbing
reds-are higher
blues-are lower
what colors is chlorphyll not good as absorbing
greens and yellows-middle range
green is reflected
what properties is chromatography looking for
polarity
density
in chromatography which chlorophyll will move up more
really polar, low density
rf value
distance moved by pigment/distance moved by solvent
absorption spectrum
measures the light absorbed at different wavelengths
x axis:wavelength
y: absorption amount
action spectrum
photosynthesis rate at different wavelengths of light
x:wavelength
y:photosynthesis rate
compare and contrast absorption vs action spectrum
look similar because light absorbed correlates with photosynthesis rate
-absorption is individual chlorphyll
-action is plant as a whole
limiting factors of photosynthesis
similar to enzymes because photosynthesis contains reactions
-CO2(substrate)
-temperature
-light intensity
how does temperature affect photosynthesis rate
-heat can destroy cells
-enzymes lost
-water evaporates
-increase rate until denaturation
how does co2 and light affect photosynthesis rate
-cant harm plant
-more input,more product
-chlorophyll amount is limited so there is limit for how much light can be absorbed at 1 time
ways to measure photosynthesis rate
-glucose made-measured by mass bc it correlates with cell growth
-oxygen made-measured by tool or underwater bc bubbles produced means oxygen
-co2 used-measured underwater or by pH change-co2 is acidic
future of photosynthesis
co2 increases growth to certain amount
-CO2 is going up with might cause more crop growth
what is crop growth good for
growing population
store more CO2 and help level
help climate change
What are FACE experiments looking for
an example is circle of towers pumping CO2 on crops
-theyre looking for variables
carbohydrates contains what elements
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
lipids contains what elements
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
proteins contain what elements
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
nucleic acid contains what elements
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus
