Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ib bio > unit 4 part 2 > Flashcards

unit 4 part 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where does the diversity in biodiversity come from

A

natural selection and adaptations and meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 3 levels of diversity

A
  1. ecosystem diversity: different groups of biotic and abiotic factors-diff adaptations
  2. species diversity within ecosystem
  3. genetic diversity within species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what kind of correlation is there between diversity and an organisms ability to survive

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are mass extinctions caused by

A

climate change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what follows a mass extinction

A

exponential increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does anthropogenic mean

A

climate change caused by humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why is the climate change rate faster now

A

the climate change isn’t natural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

5 main causes of mass extinction

A
  1. overharvesting
    2.habitat destruction
    3.invasive species
  2. pollution
  3. climate change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

over harvesting definition

A

taking things from earth and not giving it back-imbalances the nutrient cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

4 extinctions caused by humans

A

1.giant moa-hunted by Maori-overharvesting
2.Caribbean monk seal-hunted by europeans-overharvested
3. atitlan grebe-bass was brought to guatamala and killed them off
4. mount glorious torren frog-forest habitat cut down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 examples of ecosystem loss

A

dipterocarp forest of southeast asia
-family of trees cut down to be replaced with palm trees for palm oil
Aral sea of central asia
-completely dammed up so rivers don’t meet anymore
-shrunk insize so salinity increased and organisms cant survive anymore
- no native organisms left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does biodiversity crisis refer to

A

the rate of mass extinction happening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do groups like IPBES do

A

group of scientist that work together from around the world to collect evidence of biodiversity crisis
from help of from citizen scientists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

evidence of biodiversity crisis

A

population size comparisons
different species in community
area they live
diversity within species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Simpsons index formula

A

(N(N-1))/(sum of n(n-1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does Simpsons index show

A

compares different communities diversity
-higher index, more riversity
-measures number of species and the size of species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 2 major categories of methods to conserving biodiversity

A

Insitu methods and Ex situ methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are in situ methods

A

the organism is left in natural habitat to protect it
-peaching laws
reserves, parks
-rewilding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

advanatages and disadvantages to in situ

A

advantages: organism is well adapted, cheaper, some control
disadvantage: hard to patrol-can make it expensive, habitat could be the reason for endangerment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are ex situ methods

A

take organism away from natural habitat and usually putting in zoo
-supposed to protect and encourage repopulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

advantages and disadvantages to ex situ

A

advantage: more control over health and safety, encourages people to care
disadvantage: some zoos don’t properly care for animals, cost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is germplasm

A

isolate reproductive cells from organisms in hope to produce organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the edge of existence program

A

working to protect endangered organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are some difficulties in deciding if organism is endangered

A

-population
-how many did there used to be
-what number determines if they’re endangered
-cause
-solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is EDGE

A

evolutionary distinct and globally endangered
-evolutionary distinct: unique niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

why are ecosystems normally stable

A

organisms are able to evolve
-disturbances threaten stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

examples of natural disturbances

A

fires, earthquakes,hurricanes
stable ecosystems can withstand these

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

resistance definition

A

ecosystem doesn’t change when disturbance happens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

resilience def

A

ecosystems ability to bounce back or recover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

3 examples of ecosystems that are old because of their stability

A
  1. Daintree rainforest
    -100s of millions of years
  2. Borneo rainforest
    -indonesia
    -more unstable now than ever
  3. Namib desert
    -not as much biodiversity as the others
    -stable against climate change because it’s already an extreme environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

5 key conditions for stability

A
  1. energy
    -from sun,consumed by producers, released as eat
    -constant flow
  2. nutrients
    -cycle between abiotic and biotic
    -decomposers make unusable nutrients usable
  3. genetic diversity
    4.species diversity
  4. climate range
    -must be stable
    -need specific temp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does tipping point refer to

A

past the point of no return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

why has the Amazon became unstable

A

its lost a lot of trees from overlogging
-creates habitat loss and reduces transpiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

transpiration meaning

A

water evaporating off trees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does a decrease in transpiration cause

A

there is less water in air so there is a decrease in cloud formation which leads to less rain which leads to less plants which leads to less transpiration
-positive feedback
-hard to stop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is a keystone species

A

an organism that has more effect on the community than other species-keeps ecosystems balanced with high stable biodiversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

keystone species example

A

sea otters
they eat urchin which eat kelp
without sea otters, the urchin population would grow and the kelp would die out

38
Q

what are the 3 things that contribute to Earth’s sustainability

A

nutrient availability-balanced fluxes
detoxification of waste
energy flow

39
Q

way of testing sustainability

A

mesocosms

40
Q

what is human sustainability

A

our way of life continuing

41
Q

why are fossil fuels not sustainable

A

they are used fast and replaced slowly

42
Q

2 examples of things sustained by humans

A

Brazil nuts
-large, take time to form
-when harvested, we leave a certain amount, usually small in size
-sometimes large are left so they drop and make new trees
cod
-used to be overfished for food
-protected breeding grounds,nets used must have big holes to let young ones out,monitoring population

43
Q

unsustainable farming practices

A
  1. soil erosion-same crop planted year after year so soil has to be tilled to bring up nutrients
  2. nutrient leeching-soil loses nutrients so a overuse of fertilizer happens-causes algae blooms-crop rotation needed
  3. pesticide overuse- as they move up food chain they become harmful-biomagnifies
  4. fossil fuels use-causes pollution from co2
44
Q

eutrophication meaning

A

when there is an overabundance of artificial nutrients in the water
-comes from overuse of fertilizer run off into water

45
Q

why is fertilizer good for plants

A

its made of nitrated and phosphates which plants ues to make nucleotides and amino acids

46
Q

what is an algal bloom

A

they use nutrients more than other organisms and exponentially increase on water
-block sunlight
-less oxygen since plants are killed
-saprotrophs move in and use up oxygen
-biochemical oxygen demand is higher than supply

47
Q

what is bioaccumulation

A

the buildoff of a chemical within one organism- usually because organism cant process chemical
-usually fat soluble chemicals which causes accumulation

48
Q

what is biomagnification

A

concentration of toxin increases up food chain
-larger organisms eat lower organisms and intake a lot of toxinsto get enough energy

49
Q

2 biomagnification examples

A
  1. DDT-pesticide only hurts insects at low levels
    -got into water
    -made eagle eggshells thin and fragile
    -its used for mosqitos in other places
  2. Mercury:used in manufacturing, good at cleaning metals and absorbing toxins
    -harmful in high levels like dolphins
    -causes birth defects
50
Q

why do plastics pollute earth

A

it is non biodegradable so even if it kills an organism it can still do more damage

51
Q

macroplastic examples

A

bottles, straws, string
-we try to recycle these

52
Q

microplastics

A

what macroplastics break down into
they get inside living things and biomagnify

53
Q

gyre meaning

A

area of ocean with higher amount of plastic
-patches

54
Q

plastic consequences

A

organisms eat plastic, get caught in it, eat organisms with plastic in it, plastic can absorbs toxins

55
Q

what is rewilding

A

human intervention to get ecosystem back to what it was

56
Q

methods of rewilding

A

distributing seeds
-bring back keystone species ex wolves in yellowstone
-reestablish broken piece-bridges or tunnels for animals
-controlling invasive species

57
Q

rewilding example

A

Hinewai reserve-in New Zealand, used to be farm, introduced species, it has recovered

58
Q

greenhouse gas definition

A

any chemical in atmosphere that traps heat

59
Q

main greenhouse gas examples

A

CO2
-most abundant
-release by cell respiration(keeps cycle balanced) and combustion(makes lots)
methane CH4
-better at trapping heat, but there less
-archaebacteria called methanogens produce it
-oxidizes into co2

60
Q

where is methane found

A

extreme environments
guts of cows, anaerobic areas
released by cows and sheep
released when swampy areas are destroyed

61
Q

short waves of radiation

A

gamma,UV, violet and blue colors

62
Q

long waves of radiation

A

infrared, radio, red and orange colors

63
Q

which wavelenth is readily accepted and absorbed by earth

A

short waves

64
Q

which wavelength is mainly bounced off

A

long wave

65
Q

what does it mean for a wave to be reradiated

A

layer of greenhouse gasses absorbs long wave and sends it back

66
Q

what are the 2 factors to the greenhouse layer getting thicker

A

ability of gas to absorb and reradiate
concentration of gas

67
Q

what did the industrial revolution cause

A

led us to burn more fossil fuels and put more CO2 in environment

68
Q

evidence of average global temperature increasing

A

ice in antarctica
the ice traps air and we analyze bubbles from years ago to help us find CO2 and temperature levels
highest CO2 level was 300ppm, now its 400ppm

69
Q

what does positive feedback mean

A

more of something=more of that same thing
or vice versa

70
Q

negative feedback meaning

A

more of something=less of same thing
fluctuates

71
Q

how is heat a positive feedback with snow and ice

A

snow and ice usually reflect light-have high albedo
as temperature increases, there is less ice, which means less reflection, which means more heat absorbed, which leads to a higher temperature and less ice

72
Q

what is permafrost

A

permanently frozen soil
-full of dead stuff-detritus- since there’s low decomposition rates in cold places
-anaerobic
-lots of methane
-carbon sink

73
Q

permafrost positive feedback w heat

A

heat goes up, soil melts, methanes released, heat is trapped, earth is warmed

74
Q

positive feedback with gases solubility

A

the gases are soluble and can dissolve in ocean which means less in atmosphere
when temperature increases, gases become less soluble, which means they are less dissolved, which means more in atmosphere, which means increased temperature

75
Q

positive feedback with fires

A

higher temp, more fires, more CO2, higher temp

76
Q

what leads to a tipping point

A

positive feedback

77
Q

why does positive feedback mainly affect cold places

A

they have slow decomposition rates which are sped up
are carbon sink but the concern is them becoming sources

78
Q

what is landfast ice

A

ice fastened to the land
-habitat for many organisms
-is melting

79
Q

2 examples of organisms affected by melting of landfast ice

A
  1. emperor penguins
    -live on landfast ice in antarctica
    -the ice is closer to their food
    -when it melts the food is farther which takes more energy to get to meaning they need more food
  2. walruses
    -rely on ice to rest
    -the ice melting means they have less rest, more separation from their young, more energy taken
80
Q

what is upwelling

A

colder water comes up and cools off warmer water at top- stable temp- negative feedback
-brings up detritus, allowing decomposers to live at top and increase biodiversity and nutrients

81
Q

what happens when the water is too warm in upwelling

A

current decreases
-less decomposers, less life
-positive feedback

82
Q

what does poleward range shift mean

A

as temperature increases, range shifts towards poles

83
Q

what does upslope range shifts mean

A

range shifts in altitude-can cause competitive exclusion
ex: organisms that fly, some plants

84
Q

what makes up 50% of the oceans biodiversity

A

coral reefs

85
Q

where do coral get their carbonate ions

A

the water around them

86
Q

what happens to carbonate when there is more CO2

A

the CO3 ions dissolve
-worse carbonate building ability
-existing coral reefs dissolve

87
Q

how does CO2 affect water’s pH

A

the pH decreases
coral is sensitive
when its too warm, coral rejects algae-causes coral bleaching

88
Q

what is carbon sequestration

A

taking carbon from environment and keeping it out of atmosphere

89
Q

examples of natural sequestration

A

photosynthesis
unburned fossil fuels
building of coral reefs

90
Q

when is human intervention required

A

only in extreme situations

91
Q
A
92
Q

percentage change formula

A

(F-I)/I
x100%

Ib bio (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions