Unit 6 Flashcards
memory
learning that persists over time
recall
a measure of memory in which a person must retrieve information learned earlier, a short answer
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, multiple choice
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
encoding
getting information into memory
retrieval
getting information back out again
storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
long term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storage house of the memory system
short term memory
activated memory that holds items brief, such as seven digits of a phone number when calling
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and spatial information
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, word meanings
implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations
explicit memory
the memory of facts and experiences that one can know and “declare”
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, picture memory
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, sounds, or words
chunking
organizing into familiar, manageable units
mnemonics
memory aids that make use of imagery and organization
spacing effect
distributing practice over time improves long-term memory
testing effect
repeated self-testing improves learning
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level based on the structure and appearance of words
deep processing
encoding based on the meaning of words
self reference effect
you will remember things that have personal meaning to you
memory consolidation
the neural storage of a long-term memory
hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotional event
cerebellum
memory for skills, implicit
basal ganglia
helps process procedural memories
long term potentiation
an increase in cell firing potential after brief rapid stimulation
state-dependent memory
we are more likely to remember something when we are in the same chemical, or physical state as when it occurred
mood congruent memory
our current mood affects what we remember, happy=happy memories
rosy retrospection
we tend to remember events more positively than they were when they occurred
serial position effect
we tend to remember the first and last items in a list the best
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
inability to recall past, forget names
proactive interference
old learning affects new learning
retroactive interference
new learning affects old learning
next in line effect
failure to remember what the person who spoke right before you said
memory construction
we change memories or create inaccurate memories
misinformation effect
memories changed based on later information
source amnesia
remembering correctly but attributing the memory to the wrong source
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associates in memory
encoding specificity principle
the ideas that ques and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
reconsolidation
a process in which previous stored memories, when retrieved are potentially altered before being stored again
rehearsal
Repetition of a piece of information to keep it within your active short-term memory
semantic encoding
when a word, phrase, picture, etc. is encoded on the basis of meaning rather than the sound or vision of it
procedural memory
type of memory that we use to do everyday tasks like tying our shoes
infantile amnesia
the inability of adults to recollect early episodic memories
amygdala
part of the brain that regulates memory consolidation or the process of turning memory into long-term memory
deja vu
eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before” cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of earlier experiences
cognition
all forms of knowing, remembering, deciding, planning, problem solving, communicating ideas
concept
the mental representation of related things
prototype
representation of the most typical member of a category
algorithm
step by step procedure
heuristic
rule of thumb strategies
insight
sudden, often novel realization of a solution
confirmation bias
the tendency to search for information that confirms our beliefs (ignoring disconfirming evidence)
fixation
inability to see a problem from a different perspective
mental set
tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially one that has worked before
functional fixedness
the tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed or unchanging
representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood of an event based on how well it matches your prototype/stereotype
availability heuristic
judging the likelihood of an event based on its availability in memory
framing
the way an issue is posed
belief perseverance
clinging to existing beliefs even after they have been discredited by evidence
creativity
the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable
convergent thinking
one possible answer
divergent thinking
many possible answers
language
spoken, written, gestured words and they way we combine to think or communicate
phonemes
basic sounds of a language, ch,a
morphemes
the smallest unit which carries meaning, un, pre
semantics
used to derive meaning, ed=past
syntax
rules for putting words in order
babbling stage
earliest stage of talking, 2-12 months, ah goo
one word stage
second level of infancy speech, 1-2 years, ma
two-word stage/telegraphic speech
the third stage of infancy speech, 2+ years, want juice
aphasia
language disorder that affects hwo you communicate
intuition
the ability to understand something immediately
overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct and to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
grammar
The set of rules governing how symbols in a given language are used to form meaningful expressions
linguistic determination
the concept that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as well as thought processes such as categorization, memory, and perception
