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AP Psych > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our enviorment

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2
Q

perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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3
Q

bottom-up processing

A

sensation more important to interpretation than perception (part to whole)

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4
Q

top-down processing

A

perception is more important than sensation (whole to part, expectations)

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5
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum stimulation to detect a stimulus

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6
Q

signal detection theory

A

absolute thesholda are affected by our psychological status

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7
Q

difference threshold

A

minimum difference required to tell the difference between two very similar stimuli

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8
Q

webers law

A

difference threshold is in direct proportion to the intensity of a stimulus

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9
Q

sensory adaptation

A

after a while, we stop noticing stimuli if it doesn’t change

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10
Q

transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy into another

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11
Q

subliminal

A

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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12
Q

priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously of certain associations thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

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13
Q

perceptual set

A

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

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14
Q

schemas

A

concepts formed by experience that we use to organize and interpret unfamiliar information

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15
Q

context effects

A

context or surroundings that may affect our interpretation of our environment

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16
Q

iris

A

the colored part of eye regulates size of the pupil based on light

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17
Q

lens

A

performs accommodation, focuses on close and distance

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18
Q

accommodation

A

focusing on close or distant things, change in focus

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19
Q

fovea

A

center of retina, greatest cone concentration, sharpest focus

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20
Q

blind spot

A

where the optic nerve exits the eye

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21
Q

wavelength

A

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next wave

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22
Q

hue

A

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

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23
Q

intensity

A

the amount of energy in a light or sound wave which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness

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24
Q

pupil

A

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye which light enters in

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25
Q

retina

A

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye containing receptor rods and cones plus neurons that begin the visual information process

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26
Q

cones

A

retinal receptors that detect color

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27
Q

rods

A

retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina (night vision)

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28
Q

optic nerve

A

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

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29
Q

amplitude

A

height of waves that determine the brightness of color

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30
Q

young helmholtz theory

A

three types of cones, red, green, and blue. color results from the simulation of different combinations

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31
Q

opponent processing theory

A

cells in the retina and thalamus are turned on and off by opposite colors. ex red/green

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32
Q

gestalt

A

the whole may exceed the sum of the parts, organized whole

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33
Q

figure-ground

A

the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

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34
Q

grouping

A

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

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35
Q

proximity

A

things that are close together belong together

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36
Q

similarity

A

more powerful than proximity

37
Q

continuity

A

a straight line is a continuation

38
Q

closure

A

filling in gaps

39
Q

connectedness

A

creating a whole

40
Q

binocular cues

A

depth cues that require two eyes

41
Q

retinal disparity

A

slightly different views seen by each eye

42
Q

convergence

A

eyes turn inward or outward slightly, the brain uses it to determine the depth

43
Q

monocular cues

A

depth cues that can be seen with one eye, artists

44
Q

relative size

A

larger means closer (monocular cue)

45
Q

interposition

A

if one object blocks the view of another it must be closer (monocular)

46
Q

relative clarity

A

hazy objects are farther away (monocular)

47
Q

texture gradient

A

coarse texture means closer (monocular)

48
Q

relative height

A

objects in the high field of vision are farther away (monocular)

49
Q

relative motion

A

objects beyond the fixation point move with you, objects between you and the fixation point move backward (monocular)

50
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines converge with distance (monocular)

51
Q

relative brightness

A

brighter objects are closer (monocular)

52
Q

motion perception

A

how do we know things are moving

53
Q

stroboscopic movement

A

rapid series of different pictures as movement

54
Q

phi phenomenon

A

2 lights blink on and off and it looks like a light is moving in between them

55
Q

perceptual constancy

A

the object seems unchanged even though the stimuli received change

56
Q

color constancy

A

a color appears the same despite changes in light because of our experience

57
Q

perceptual adaptation

A

the ability to be artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

58
Q

audition

A

the sense of act or hearing

59
Q

frequency

A

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

60
Q

pitch

A

a tone experiences highness or lowness

61
Q

middle ear

A

bones that conduct vibrations between the eardrum and cochlea

62
Q

inner ear

A

the inner most part of the ear containing the cochlea, semi-circular canals, and vestibular sacs

63
Q

cochlea

A

a coiled, bony, fluid filed tube in the inner ear

64
Q

cochlear implant

A

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

65
Q

place theory

A

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

66
Q

depth perception

A

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images are two dimensional

67
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

less common form of hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

67
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

most common form of hearing loss also called nerve deafness

68
Q

nociceptors

A

sensory receptors that enable the perception of pain in response to potentially harmful stimuli

69
Q

gate control theory

A

the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain

70
Q

phantom limb pain

A

patients perceive pain in missing body parts

71
Q

olfaction

A

smell

72
Q

kinesthesis

A

the sense of our body position and movement

73
Q

vestibular sense

A

monitors head position through semicircular canals in the ear. helps maintain balance

74
Q

visual capture

A

when senses conflict

75
Q

just noticeable difference

A

the minimum level of stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time

76
Q

acuity

A

sharpness of thought, vision, or hearing

77
Q

bipolar cells

A

neurons in the retina, transfer visual information from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

78
Q

ganglion cells

A

neurons in the retina, conveying information from other retinal neurons to the rest of the brain

79
Q

basilar membrane

A

within the cochlea of the inner ear which separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea

80
Q

frequency theory

A

neurons fire at the same frequency of sound waves, fast=high

81
Q

sensory interaction

A

one sense may affect the other

82
Q

embodied cognition

A

the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states of cognitive preferences and judgments

83
Q

extrasensory perception (esp)

A

the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input

84
Q

parapsychology

A

the study of paranormal phenomena

85
Q

telepathy

A

communication of thoughts or ideas by means other than the known senses

86
Q

clairvoyance

A

perceiving things or events in the future or beyond normal sensory contact

87
Q

precognition

A

foreknowledge of an event

88
Q

psychokinesis

A

the supposed ability to move objects by mental effort alone.

AP Psych (11 decks)

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