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AP Psych > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

structuralism

A

structure of the human mind

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2
Q

functionalism

A

how mental and behavioral processes function

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3
Q

behaviorism

A

study of psychology by studying the behavior of individuals

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4
Q

cognitive psychology

A

focuses on how we take in, process, store, and retrieve information

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5
Q

humanism

A

focuses on conscious experience freedom of choice and capacity for personal growth

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6
Q

psychology

A

the science of behavior and mental processes

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7
Q

rationalism

A

believe knowledge was gained from logic and reason

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8
Q

empiricism

A

believe knowledge is based on observation and experimentation

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9
Q

dualism

A

believed mind and body were separate

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10
Q

monism

A

believed mind and body were two aspects of the same thing

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11
Q

introspection

A

looking within and reporting thoughts, feelings, and sensations ex: meditation

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12
Q

nature/nurture

A

controversy over how much genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

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13
Q

natural selection

A

among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will be passed on

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14
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

study of evolution of behavior of the mind using principles of natural selection

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15
Q

positive psychology

A

study human functioning and promote strengths to help people thrive in life

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16
Q

basic research

A

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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17
Q

applied research

A

study that aims to solve practical problems

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18
Q

counseling psychology

A

assists people with problems of living to achieve a better life

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19
Q

clinical psychology

A

treats people who have psych disorders

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20
Q

psychiatrist

A

medicine (doctor) that helps with psych disorders

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21
Q

community psychology

A

how people interact with environments and institutions and help affect them

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22
Q

intuition

A

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

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23
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

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24
Q

critical thinking

A

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. instead it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

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25
Q

theory

A

an explanation using the integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

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26
Q

hypothesis

A

a testable prediction often implied by a theory

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27
Q

operational definition

A

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

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28
Q

replication

A

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic findings extend to other participants and circumstances

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29
Q

case study

A

a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in-depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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30
Q

naturalistic observation

A

a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation

31
Q

survey

A

a technique for obtaining self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group

32
Q

population

A

all those in the group being studied

33
Q

random sample

A

a sample that fairly represents a population because every member has an equal chance of inclusion

34
Q

correlation

A

the measure of how two variables vary together and how each factor predicts each other

35
Q

correlation coefficient

A

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (-1 to 1)

36
Q

scatterplot

A

a graph of clustered dots that represents the values of two variables

37
Q

regression towards the mean

A

the tendency for extreme, unusual scores of events to fall back toward the average

38
Q

experiment

A

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more variables to observe the effects of someone’s behavior

39
Q

social-cultural perspective

A

focuses on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

40
Q

biological perspective

A

focuses on the physical structures and substances affecting behavior, thought, or emotion

41
Q

false consensus effect

A

the false belief that most people agree with you

42
Q

illusory correlation

A

the perception that a correlation exists when it does not

43
Q

independent variable

A

the variable that the experimenter controls/manipulates

44
Q

dependent variable

A

expected to change as a result of the experiment

45
Q

experimental group

A

group on which the main part of the study is being done

46
Q

control group

A

used for comparison purposes

47
Q

random assignment

A

which group a participant is placed in is determined completely by chance

48
Q

placebo

A

substance or condition assumed to be active that is not

49
Q

double-blind procedure

A

neither the experimenter nor the participant knows who is in the control condition

50
Q

type l error

A

concluding hypothesis is true when it is false

51
Q

type ll error

A

concluding hypothesis is false when its true

52
Q

mean

A

average of all data points

53
Q

median

A

middle data point

54
Q

mode

A

data point that appears most often

55
Q

positively skewed distribution

A

both variables move in the same direction

56
Q

negatively skewed distribution

A

variables move in opposite direction

57
Q

range

A

max score - min score

58
Q

standard deviation

A

a measure of how much scores vary from the mean

59
Q

statistical significance

A

describing data that is probably not due to chance

60
Q

p values

A

what statistical significance is expressed in

61
Q

ethics

A

moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity

62
Q

overconfidence

A

expecting to do well without actually putting in effort, being too confident in something

63
Q

industrial/organizational psychology

A

psychology used to study, analyze, and understand human behavior in the workplace

64
Q

perspective

A

the ability to view objects, events, and ideas in realistic proportions and relationships

65
Q

plato

A

rationalist, monist, nature

66
Q

aristotle

A

empiricist, dualist, nurture

67
Q

descartes

A

rationalist, nature

68
Q

locke

A

empiricist, nurture

69
Q

wundt

A

introspection, father of psych, first psych lab

70
Q

what methods do psychologists use to describe behavior?

A

case study, survey, natural observation

71
Q

what methods do psychologists use to predict behavior?

A

correlation

72
Q

what method do psychologists use to prove cause and effect?

A

experiment

73
Q

what are the four principles of experimental ethics?

A

confidentiality, debriefing, informed consent, and protection from harm

74
Q

gestalt psychology

A

emphasizes the tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

AP Psych (11 decks)

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