Unit 5 Flashcards
conditioned response
a learned reaction to a stimulus
conditioned stimulus
a neutral stimulus that is learned through conditioning
acquisition
the initial stage when one lines up a neural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
high order conditioning
when the conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neural stimulus creating a second conditioned stimulus
extinction
effects of conditioning disappear when CS is no longer paired ith UCS
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a conditioned stimulus that brings back the response
generalization
the subject becomes conditioned to items similar to CS ex: all white objects
discrimination
subject learns the difference between CS and similar objects
operant conditioning
a type of learning where behavior is strengthened by a reinforcer and diminished by a punishment
respondent behavior
how someone responds in classical conditioning
operant behavior
operating on the environment to produce rewarding or punishment stimuli
skinner box
animal presses a bar to release food and their responses are monitored
shaping
reinforcers guide behavior toward the desired behavior
reinforcer
any event that increases the frequency of the preceding response
positive reinforcement
strengthens behavior through a positive reward ex: food, praise
negative reinforcement
strengthens a behavior by removing a negative stimulus ex: snoozing alarm
primary reinforcer
satisfy basic physical and psychological needs Ex: food, loe
secondary reinforcer
are learned by association with a primary reinforcer
immediate reinforcement
A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior. stronger than delayed
delayed reinforcement
period between the response producing the reinforcer and its subsequent delivery
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
partial reinforcement
when reinforcement is only given once in a while ex: the claw machine
fixed ratio schedule
reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
variable ratio schedule
reinforces a response after an unpredicted number of responses
fixed interval schedule
reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed
variable interval schedule
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
punishment
an event that tends to decrease the behavior that follows
negative punishment
taking away something that causes the previous behavior to decrease
discriminative stimulus
occurs before behavior and signals the probably consequence of the behavior
cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or to avoid threatened punishment
instinctive drift
animals may revert to instinctive behavior after conditioning
observational learning/modeling
process of learning by imitation
mirror neurons
located in the frontal lobe which fires in response to the pain of others or when imitating language
vicarious learning
humans and animals learn by seeing or hearing the consequences of other people’s behavior
prosocial behavior
helpful or kind behavior
learning
a change in behavior that results from experience
classical conditioning
when two stimuli are linked and produce a similar response
unconditioned response
an automatic unlearned response
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that naturally triggers an unconditioned response
behaviorism
study behavior without reference to the mental process
associative learning
learning that certian events occur together
