UNIT 6

Question 1

involved not only in the mastery of a new skill or academic subject but also in
the development of emotions, social interaction and even personality

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

one of
the most important characteristics of man is his…

Answer 2

Ability to learn

Question 3

defined as a complex process which brings about an enduring change in behavior
as a result of practice

Answer 3

Learning

Question 4

simplest kind of learning.

Answer 4

Habituation

Question 5

next level of learning wherein we form new association between a stimulus and a
response (s – r theory).

Answer 5

Associative Learning

Question 6

involves the transfer of response from one stimulus to
another stimulus through repeated pairings. This kind of learning was discovered by
Ivan Pavlov.

Answer 6

Classical Conditioning

Question 7

Parameters of Classical Conditioning

Answer 7

1. Acquisition
2. Reinforcement
3. Extinction
4. Spontaneous Recovery
5. Generalization
6. Discrimination
7. Higher-order Conditioning

Question 8

the phase of classical conditioning whereby the stimulus association
is learned.

Answer 8

Acquisition

Question 9

refers to an event which may enhance or maintain the strength of
a response.

Answer 9

Reinforcement

Question 10

refers to a decrease in the strength of a conditioned response resulting
from repeatedly eliciting the response in the absence of the reinforcement.

Answer 10

Extinction

Question 11

partial recovery in the strength of an extinguished
conditioned response after a rest interval.

Answer 11

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 12

tendency of the stimulus that is similar to the conditioned
stimulus to elicit the conditioned response.

Answer 12

Generalization

Question 13

opposite of generalization. It is the process of responding to
the variation or differences between stimuli.

Answer 13

Discrimination

Question 14

aids the individual to become flexible with his
responses to the environment.

Answer 14

Higher-order Conditioning

Question 15

learner is allowed to discover how
his behavioral response affects the environment and vice-versa.

Answer 15

Operant or Instrumental Conditioning

Question 16

This kind of learning
was experimented extensively by B.F. Skinner. This learning involves increasing the
probability of similar responses due to the presence of reinforcement.

Answer 16

Operant or Instrumental Conditioning

Question 17

Phenomena of Interest in Operant Conditioning

Answer 17

1. Shaping
2. Extinction
3. Stimulus Generalization
4. Discrimination Learning
5. Partial Reinforcement
6. Secondary Reinforcement

Question 18

refers to a series of responses wherein each response leads to the next
response.

Answer 18

Shaping

Question 19

progressive weakening of an instrumental learning due to the
withdrawal of reinforcement.

Answer 19

Extinction

Question 20

refers to the tendency of a stimulus, which is similar to
the one used in training to elicit the same response.

Answer 20

Stimulus Generalization

Question 21

response made in one stimulus is not made possible
to the others.

Answer 21

Discrimination Learning

Question 22

the responses made by an individual are reinforced only
part of the time.

Answer 22

Partial Reinforcement

Question 23

these reinforcers are learned, they refer to a stimulus
that has gained a reinforcing property by having been paired with a primary
reinforcer.

Answer 23

Secondary Reinforcement

Question 24

most prominent social learning theorist who has engaged in
many experiments involving learning by observing which otherwise known as vicarious
learning or modeling, because a model is being imitated.

Answer 24

Albert Bandura

Question 25

model is being imitated

Answer 25

Vicarious learning or modelling

Question 26

Four Steps in the Process of Modeling

Answer 26

Attention Retention Motoric Reproduction Reinforcement

Question 27

sensing and perceiving the important aspects of the behavior to be imitated.

Answer 27

Attention

Question 28

remembering the behavior either through mental images or language.

Answer 28

Retention

Question 29

converting the recalled observation into action

Answer 29

Motoric Reproduction

Question 30

being encouraged and motivated to adopt the behavior

Answer 30

Reinforcement

Question 31

proficiency and competency in a certain kind of performance. Some forms of it are verbal, reading and writing

Answer 31

skill

Question 32

Three Stages in Learning a Skill

Answer 32

Cognition Fixation Automation

Question 33

involves the use of words either as stimuli or response. Some forms of linguistic abilities such as speaking, reading writing and reciting

Answer 33

Verbal Learning

Question 34

Kinds of Verbal Learning

Answer 34

1. Serial-anticipation learning 2. Free recall learning 3. Paired-associate learning

Question 35

process that we cannot observe. This involves cognitive learning like perceiving of current happenings, recalling previous experiences, thinking, reasoning, evaluating and abstracting. All activities fall under higher mental processes are categorized here.

Answer 35

Cognitive Learning

Question 36

extent to which original and previous learned information still persists.

Answer 36

Memory

Question 37

makes learning possible and without learning there is nothing to remember

Answer 37

Memory

Question 38

employed to build up memories for use in the future

Answer 38

Learning

Question 39

used to store and retrieve this information.

Answer 39

Memory

Question 40

Methods to Measure Memory or Remembering

Answer 40

Recall Recognition Reintegration Relearning

Question 41

the process of reproducing past learning/experience without any clue.

Answer 41

Recall

Question 42

denotes the ability to identify learned items that are familiar.

Answer 42

Recognition

Question 43

involves the recollection of past learning/experience with the presence of cues.

Answer 43

Reintegration

Question 44

simply refers to reviewing previous learning, the easiest method.

Answer 44

Relearning

Question 45

Our Memory Usually Works in Four Basic Steps

Answer 45

1. Perception 2. Encoding/acquisition 3. Storage 4. Retrieval

Question 46

Stages of Memory

Answer 46

1. Sensory memory 2. Short-term memory 3. Long-term memory

Question 47

Types of Memory

Answer 47

Episodic Semantic Procedural

Question 48

this are memorable events in your life.

Answer 48

Episodic

Question 49

type of memory for rules and concept.

Answer 49

Semantic

Question 50

also called skill memory because it involves how to do things

Answer 50

Procedural

Question 51

the inability to recall a particular piece of information accurately. It means failure to retain what was previously learned. It is the extent with which learned information is lost.

Answer 51

Forgetting

Question 52

Theories of Forgetting

Answer 52

Interference Theory Decay theory Retrieval-based Forgetting Storage-based Forgetting Motivated Forgetting

Question 53

holds that the cause of forgetting is because of conflict among information learned earlier of later.

Answer 53

Interference Theory

Question 54

2 Types of Interference Theory

Answer 54

Proactive interference and Retroactive interference

Question 55

suggests that lapse of time is the reason for forgetting.

Answer 55

Decay Theory

Question 56

form of cue-dependent forgetting. The memory trace is present but one just cannot bring out the information.

Answer 56

Retrieval-based Forgetting

Question 57

this is due to the distortion of learned information in the long-term memory.

Answer 57

Storage-based Forgetting

Question 58

may take the form of suppression, a purposeful or voluntary process of blocking the information learned. This is also called conscious forgetting

Answer 58

Motivated Forgetting

Question 59

kind of covert behavior and it is an internal process. May be regarded as a sequence of symbolic processes to implicitly manipulate ideas or objects that are physically absent to the senses.

Answer 59

Thinking

Question 60

Kinds of Thinking

Answer 60

Realistic Thinking and Autistic Thinking

Question 61

one where you direct your thinking towards problem solving and decision-making

Answer 61

Realistic Thinking

Question 62

one where you engage in thinking just for pleasure of it like in the case of daydreaming and wishful thinking

Answer 62

Autistic Thinking