UNIT 6 Flashcards
involved not only in the mastery of a new skill or academic subject but also in
the development of emotions, social interaction and even personality
Learning
one of
the most important characteristics of man is his…
Ability to learn
defined as a complex process which brings about an enduring change in behavior
as a result of practice
Learning
simplest kind of learning.
Habituation
next level of learning wherein we form new association between a stimulus and a
response (s – r theory).
Associative Learning
involves the transfer of response from one stimulus to
another stimulus through repeated pairings. This kind of learning was discovered by
Ivan Pavlov.
Classical Conditioning
Parameters of Classical Conditioning
- Acquisition
- Reinforcement
- Extinction
- Spontaneous Recovery
- Generalization
- Discrimination
- Higher-order Conditioning
the phase of classical conditioning whereby the stimulus association
is learned.
Acquisition
refers to an event which may enhance or maintain the strength of
a response.
Reinforcement
refers to a decrease in the strength of a conditioned response resulting
from repeatedly eliciting the response in the absence of the reinforcement.
Extinction
partial recovery in the strength of an extinguished
conditioned response after a rest interval.
Spontaneous Recovery
tendency of the stimulus that is similar to the conditioned
stimulus to elicit the conditioned response.
Generalization
opposite of generalization. It is the process of responding to
the variation or differences between stimuli.
Discrimination
aids the individual to become flexible with his
responses to the environment.
Higher-order Conditioning
learner is allowed to discover how
his behavioral response affects the environment and vice-versa.
Operant or Instrumental Conditioning
This kind of learning
was experimented extensively by B.F. Skinner. This learning involves increasing the
probability of similar responses due to the presence of reinforcement.
Operant or Instrumental Conditioning
Phenomena of Interest in Operant Conditioning
- Shaping
- Extinction
- Stimulus Generalization
- Discrimination Learning
- Partial Reinforcement
- Secondary Reinforcement
refers to a series of responses wherein each response leads to the next
response.
Shaping
progressive weakening of an instrumental learning due to the
withdrawal of reinforcement.
Extinction
refers to the tendency of a stimulus, which is similar to
the one used in training to elicit the same response.
Stimulus Generalization
response made in one stimulus is not made possible
to the others.
Discrimination Learning
the responses made by an individual are reinforced only
part of the time.
Partial Reinforcement
these reinforcers are learned, they refer to a stimulus
that has gained a reinforcing property by having been paired with a primary
reinforcer.
Secondary Reinforcement
most prominent social learning theorist who has engaged in
many experiments involving learning by observing which otherwise known as vicarious
learning or modeling, because a model is being imitated.
Albert Bandura
model is being imitated
Vicarious learning or modelling
Four Steps in the Process of Modeling
Attention
Retention
Motoric Reproduction
Reinforcement
sensing and perceiving the important aspects of the behavior to be imitated.
Attention
remembering the behavior either through mental images or language.
Retention
converting the recalled observation into action
Motoric Reproduction
being encouraged and motivated to adopt the behavior
Reinforcement
proficiency and competency in a certain kind of performance. Some forms of it are verbal, reading and writing
skill
Three Stages in Learning a Skill
Cognition
Fixation
Automation
involves the use of words either as stimuli or response. Some forms of linguistic
abilities such as speaking, reading writing and reciting
Verbal Learning
Kinds of Verbal Learning
- Serial-anticipation learning
- Free recall learning
- Paired-associate learning
process that we cannot observe. This involves cognitive learning like perceiving of
current happenings, recalling previous experiences, thinking, reasoning, evaluating and
abstracting. All activities fall under higher mental processes are categorized here.
Cognitive Learning
extent to which original and previous learned information still persists.
Memory
makes learning possible and without learning there is nothing to remember
Memory
employed to build up memories for use in the future
Learning
used to store and retrieve this information.
Memory
Methods to Measure Memory or Remembering
Recall
Recognition
Reintegration
Relearning
the process of reproducing past learning/experience without any clue.
Recall
denotes the ability to identify learned items that are familiar.
Recognition
involves the recollection of past learning/experience with the presence
of cues.
Reintegration
simply refers to reviewing previous learning, the easiest method.
Relearning
Our Memory Usually Works in Four Basic Steps
- Perception
- Encoding/acquisition
- Storage
- Retrieval
Stages of Memory
- Sensory memory
- Short-term memory
- Long-term memory
Types of Memory
Episodic
Semantic
Procedural
this are memorable events in your life.
Episodic
type of memory for rules and concept.
Semantic
also called skill memory because it involves how to do things
Procedural
the inability to recall a particular piece of information accurately. It
means failure to retain what was previously learned. It is the extent with which learned
information is lost.
Forgetting
Theories of Forgetting
Interference Theory
Decay theory
Retrieval-based Forgetting
Storage-based Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting
holds that the cause of forgetting is because of conflict
among information learned earlier of later.
Interference Theory
2 Types of Interference Theory
Proactive interference and Retroactive interference
suggests that lapse of time is the reason for forgetting.
Decay Theory
form of cue-dependent forgetting. The memory
trace is present but one just cannot bring out the information.
Retrieval-based Forgetting
this is due to the distortion of learned information in the
long-term memory.
Storage-based Forgetting
may take the form of suppression,
a purposeful or
voluntary process of blocking the information learned. This is also called conscious
forgetting
Motivated Forgetting
kind of covert behavior and it is an internal process. May be regarded as a
sequence of symbolic processes to implicitly manipulate ideas or objects that are physically
absent to the senses.
Thinking
Kinds of Thinking
Realistic Thinking and Autistic Thinking
one where you direct your thinking towards problem solving and
decision-making
Realistic Thinking
one where you engage in thinking just for pleasure of it like in the case
of daydreaming and wishful thinking
Autistic Thinking
