Unit 3 Flashcards
are products of biological functions and processes and owes his ability for
complex behavior adjustments to his nervous system.
Human Being
another biological process in
determining the behavior of a human being.
Endocrine System
controls all our bodily activities and behavioral responses.
Nervous System
basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
Neuron or nerve cell
central portion with a nucleus, cytoplasm and a cell
membrane
Cell body or Cyton
short branching processes whose function is to receive nerve
impulses and carry them toward the cell body.
Dendrites
elongated strand with one or several formations at the far end called
end brush.
Axon
carry messages or nerve impulses from the sense
organ toward the brain.
sensory or afferent neurons
carry messages or nerve impulses away from the brain.
Motor or Efferent Neurons
carry messages or
nerve impulses within the brain.
Inter-neurons, Connector Neurons or Association Neurons
states that it is either that neuron reacts or not at all, but if it
does react, it reacts with fullest strength.
All or Nothing Law
states that impulses travel only in one direction from
neuron to neuron.
Law of Dynamic Polarity
consist of the brain and the spinal cord.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
compose of all the nerve fiber that connect the
receptors to the central nervous system and which further connects the central nervous
system to the effectors.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
house in the skull and the spinal cord is found in the vertebral column.
Brain
consists of the cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus.
Forebrain
most complex and largest part of the brain and
considered as the seat of consciousness.
Cerebrum
found right on top of the midbrain and serves as a relay
center of the impulses being sent to the brain areas.
Thalamus
keeps the balance of different body systems mainly
because of its close involvement with the endocrine system which releases
hormones inside the body. Seat of emotion
Hypothalamus
serves as the bridge between the hindbrain and the forebrain. It is also
involved in auditory and visual activities.
Midbrain
composed of the pons, medulla oblongata and the cerebellum. It is
connected to the spinal cord.
Hindbrain
made up mostly of the nerve fibers running from one part of
the brain to the others
Pons
regulates the involuntary muscles responsible for
our heartbeat, rate of breathing or respiration, swallowing and movements of
the stomach and intestine.
Medulla Oblongata
little brain. It enables us to learn and develop our habits
and skills. It regulates our tongue and jaw movements during speech.
Cerebellum
long and stem-like structure running down the vertebral column.
It is composed of nerves that lead to and from the brain.
Spinal Cord
covers the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which are
distributed in the head region and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which are distributed in
the body region. These nerves have sensory and motor functions which make it
possible for the brain and spinal cord to communicate with the whole body. It is
responsible for the voluntary skeletal movements like sensing and movements of the
arm and legs and the whole body.
Somatic Nervous System
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Cervical (neck) – 8 pairs
Thoracic region – 12 pairs
Lumbar region – 5 pairs
Sacral region – 5 pairs
Coccygeal region – 1 pair
12 pairs of cranial nerves
Olfactory – nose
Optic – eyes
Oculo-motor – eyes
Trochlear – eyes
Trigeminal – eyes, jaw, cheek, tongue
Abducent – eyes
Facial – face and forehead
Glossopharyngeal – tongue and pharynx
Vagus – neck, thorax and abdomen
Accessory – pharyngeal and laryngeal muscle
Hypoglossal – tongue
Vestibule-cochlear – ears
composed of the sympathetic and
parasympathetic systems. This division of the nervous system is responsible for all
involuntary movements within the body that keep us alive.
Autonomic or Visceral Nervous
covers the activities of the internal organs within the thoracic-lumbar
regions. It activates and speeds up life activities. It leads to increased adrenaline
secretion by the adrenal gland that is needed for threatening or emergency
situations.
Sympathetic
covers the cranial sacral regions. It slows down the life activities. It
restores the body-stored energy thus calming down the body after resolving a
stressful and emergency situations.
Parasympathetic
involved with the process of maintaining the
biochemical equilibrium in the body or homeostasis
Endocrine Gland or Ductless gland
also known as the master gland. It secretes a number of hormones
that affect the activities of almost all the endocrine glands.
Pituitary Gland
also known as the gland of childhood. It controls the activity of the
reproductive organs. It secretes the hormone melatonin.
Pineal Gland
butterfly-shaped gland. It secretes thyroxine and idothyroxine which affect growth and metabolism.
Thyroid Gland
pea-shaped gland. It secretes parathormone which controls the
calcium level in the blood.
Parathyroid Gland
also called the gland of babyhood. It keeps an individual childish. It
secretes thymosin. This gland helps in building up the immune system of the body
Thymus Gland
has two division; the adrenal cortex – which secretes cortin or adrenal
androgens and adrenal medulla – which secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Adrenal Gland
are small bodies made up of clusters of special cells scattered
all over the pancreas.
Islets of langerhans
Types of Endocrine Glands
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Thymus Gland
Adrenal Gland
Islets of Langerhans
Gonads/Sex Glands
