Unit 4 Flashcards
process which detect physical energy from the environment and encode it
as a neural signals.
Sensation
process where we select, organize and interpret our sensation.
The process by which we organize, interpret, or make sense of our
sensory experiences.
Perception
divides the line between what energy can be detected or not.
Threshold
tells about the minimum difference in the magnitude of two
stimuli present
Difference threshold
minimal amount of energy that can produce a sensation.
Absolute threshold
minimal amount by which a source of energy must
be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived
Just noticeable difference
the process of becoming more sensitive to
stimulation.
Sensitization (positive adaptation)
the process of becoming less sensitive to
stimulation.
Desensitization (negative adaptation)
the eye and its basic structure.
Vision
receptor organ for vision.
Eye
transparent protective structure.
Cornea
round opening in which size varies with lighting conditions.
Pupil
colored part of the eye.
Iris
a clear structure in which shape adjusts to permit us to focus on objects
at varying distances.
Lens
postage-stamp-sized structure that contains two types of lights.
Retina
sharpness of vision or the ability to discriminate usual details
which can be measured though a Snellen chart.
Visual acuity
condition where a person is capable of
seeing nearby objects with greater activity than distant objects.
Nearsightedness (myopia)
condition where a person can see distant
object with greater activity than nearby objects
Farsightedness (hyperopia)
condition characterized by brittleness of the lens which usually
begins at about the age of 38 – 46.
Presbyopia
visual disorder in which both eyes cannot focus
on the same point at the same time.
Strabismus (cross-eyed)
visual disorder caused by abnormal curvature of the lens, so
that images are indistinct or distorted.
Astigmatism
condition in which persons suffering from this are
monochromats and sensitive to light (dark only).
Color Blindness
more common than total color blind and it is a sexlinked trait that strike mostly males. They are called dichromats.
Partial color blindness
the ear and its basic structure
Hearing
suited for sensing auditory stimulation or hearing.
Ear
shaped to funnel sound waves to the eardrum, a thin membrane
that vibrates in response to sound waves and thereby transmits them to the middle
and inner ears.
Outer ear
contains the eardrum and three small bones; the hammer, the anvil
and the stirrup, which transmit sound by vibrating. It functions as an amplifier, it
increases the magnitude of the air pressure.
Middle
oval window transmits vibrations into the inner ear, the bony
tube called cochlea, shaped like a snail.
Inner ear
occurs because of damage to the structures of the middle
ear, either to the eardrum or to the three bones
Conduction Deafness
usually stems from damage to the structures of the
inner ear most often the loss of hair cells which will not regenerate.
Sensory-neural deafness
stems from exposure to very loud sounds.
Stimulation Deafness
the chemical senses.
Smell and Taste
sensitive to various basic odors; flowery, misty, musky,
ethereal, pungent, putrid and burnt.
Nose
largest organ in our body discriminates five kinds of sensation; touch, pressure, warmth, cold and pain. It has three layers; epidermis,
dermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue.
Skin
sense that gives us information about the location of our
body parts and allows us to perform from a simple touching of nose to more
complex movements such as dancing, driving and gymnastics.
Kinesthesia
gives information about body position, movement and
acceleration.
Vestibular Sense
found in the visceral organs such as stomach, intestines,
internal sex organs, lungs, throat and heart.
Organic Sensation
Types of Visual perception
Perceptual organization and Perceptual constancies
definite shape and a location in space.
Figure
has no shape and seems to continue behind the
figure and has no definite location.
Ground
Gestaltist described certain principles or laws for grouping stimuli
together
Grouping
we group nearby figures together.
Proximity
if figures are similar to each other, we group them
together.
Similarity
the grouping of various elements organized to
create a form.
Continuity
completing the missing or unfinished form or
pattern to complete an element.
Closure
we perceive spots, lines, or areas as a single
unit when uniform and linked.
Connectedness
grouping of like elements within a group
with different elements.
Orientation
the grouping of elements into feature easiest to
understand.
Simplicity
This phenomenon allows us to perceive an object as unchanging
while the stimuli we receive from it changes. Thus we can identify things
regardless of viewing angle, distances and illumination.
Perceptual Constancies
tendency to perceive the same object as being the same
size even though the size of its image on the retina varies as a function of its
distance.
Size Constancy
allows us to perceive familiar objects as having a constant
form even when our retinal images of them change.
Shape Constancy
makes us perceive objects as retaining their color
eventhough lighting conditions may alter their appearance.
Color Constancy
allows us to perceive an object as having constant
lightness even while its illumination varies.
Lightness Constancy
Type of Perception
Visual Perception
Movement Perception
Depth Perception
Perceptual Illusion
Sound Perception
Olfactory and Gustatory Perception
Tactual Perception
Perception of Time
Perception of Persons
Extrasensory Perception (ESP)
moving objects whether they are people, animals, cars or trees
of earth plummeting down a hillside
Real Movement
tendency to perceive a stationary point of light as
moving in a dark room
Auto Kinetic Effect
makes motion picture possible which is done through the
presentation of a rapid progression of images of stationary objects.
Stroboscopic Motion
occurs as a result of the on-off process of switching the row
of light as seen in an electronic scoreboard in a baseball or basketball stadium.
Phi Phenomenon
Types of Depth Perception
Monocular Cues and Binocular Cues
the larger the image of an object on the retina, the larger it perceived to be.
Likewise, if an object is larger than other objects, it is often perceived as closer.
Size
parallel lines appear to converge in the distance; the greater
this effect, the farther away an object appear to be.
Linear Perspective
texture of a surface appears smoother as distance
increases.
Texture Gradient
the farther away objects are the less distinctly they
are see
Atmospheric Perspective
if one object overlaps another, it is seen as being closer than the one it
covers.
Overlap
below the horizon, objects lower down in our field of vision are
perceived as closer; above the horizon, objects higher up are seen as closer.
Height cues
when we travel in a vehicle, objects far away appear to move
in the same direction as the observer, whereas close objects move in the
opposite direction.
Motion Parallax
in order to see close objects, our eyes turn inward, toward one
another; the greater this movement, the closer such objects appear to be.
Convergence
our two eyes observe objects from slightly different positions
in space; the difference between those two images is interpreted by our brain to
provide another cue to depth.
Retinal Disparity
Perception can provide false interpretation of sensory information,
known as illusion; which refers to incorrect perception.
Perceptual Illusion
Types of Perceptual Illusion
Illusion of size and Illusion of Area or Shape
which the bottom line looks longer than the top line
Muller-lyer Illusion
wherein the top horizontal line looks longer
Ponzo Illusion
which the vertical line looks longer.
Horizontal-vertical Illusion
in this illusion, a line disappear at an angle behind
a solid figure, reappearing at the other side.
Poggnedorf Illusion
in perceiving distance and direction of sound, we are using our binaural cues
Sound Perception
in which the sound waves are detected by one ear earlier than
the other.
Time Difference
sound stimulates the ear closer to the sound
more strongly.
Intensity Difference
tells the pressure of a sound wave at any part, place or
movement.
Phase Difference
affected by our exposure to certain stimulation.
Perception of odors
affected by our sensitivity to stimulus, temperature of
the substances and the taste qualities in our tongue.
Gustatory perception
We would be able to identify with precision whether we were touched with a pin, a feather or a flat surface.
Tactual Perception
made possible through our experience, conditioning and
some organic conditions which give us cues.
Perception of Time
Various factors affect such as attitudes, physical
characteristics of the person being perceived, stereotypes and prejudices as well as
our interests and values.
Perception of Persons
Perceptions that are not based on input from our sensory receptors
Extrasensory Perception (ESP)
foretelling of future events.
Precognition
ability to perceive objects or events that do not directly
stimulate your sense organs.
Clairvoyance
ability to send message to another person through the mind
Telepathy
ability to affect the physical world purely
through thought.
Psychokinesis or Telekinesis
