Unit 4 Flashcards by Ganceña, Ma. Cristina P.

process which detect physical energy from the environment and encode it
as a neural signals.

Sensation

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process where we select, organize and interpret our sensation.

The process by which we organize, interpret, or make sense of our
sensory experiences.

Perception

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divides the line between what energy can be detected or not.

Threshold

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tells about the minimum difference in the magnitude of two
stimuli present

Difference threshold

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minimal amount of energy that can produce a sensation.

Absolute threshold

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minimal amount by which a source of energy must
be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived

Just noticeable difference

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the process of becoming more sensitive to
stimulation.

Sensitization (positive adaptation)

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the process of becoming less sensitive to
stimulation.

Desensitization (negative adaptation)

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the eye and its basic structure.

Vision

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receptor organ for vision.

Eye

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transparent protective structure.

Cornea

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round opening in which size varies with lighting conditions.

Pupil

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colored part of the eye.

Iris

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a clear structure in which shape adjusts to permit us to focus on objects
at varying distances.

Lens

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postage-stamp-sized structure that contains two types of lights.

Retina

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sharpness of vision or the ability to discriminate usual details
which can be measured though a Snellen chart.

Visual acuity

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condition where a person is capable of
seeing nearby objects with greater activity than distant objects.

Nearsightedness (myopia)

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condition where a person can see distant
object with greater activity than nearby objects

Farsightedness (hyperopia)

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condition characterized by brittleness of the lens which usually
begins at about the age of 38 – 46.

Presbyopia

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visual disorder in which both eyes cannot focus
on the same point at the same time.

Strabismus (cross-eyed)

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visual disorder caused by abnormal curvature of the lens, so
that images are indistinct or distorted.

Astigmatism

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condition in which persons suffering from this are
monochromats and sensitive to light (dark only).

Color Blindness

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more common than total color blind and it is a sexlinked trait that strike mostly males. They are called dichromats.

Partial color blindness

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the ear and its basic structure

Hearing

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suited for sensing auditory stimulation or hearing.

Ear

shaped to funnel sound waves to the eardrum, a thin membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves and thereby transmits them to the middle and inner ears.

Outer ear

contains the eardrum and three small bones; the hammer, the anvil and the stirrup, which transmit sound by vibrating. It functions as an amplifier, it increases the magnitude of the air pressure.

Middle

oval window transmits vibrations into the inner ear, the bony tube called cochlea, shaped like a snail.

Inner ear

occurs because of damage to the structures of the middle ear, either to the eardrum or to the three bones

Conduction Deafness

usually stems from damage to the structures of the inner ear most often the loss of hair cells which will not regenerate.

Sensory-neural deafness

stems from exposure to very loud sounds.

Stimulation Deafness

the chemical senses.

Smell and Taste

sensitive to various basic odors; flowery, misty, musky, ethereal, pungent, putrid and burnt.

Nose

largest organ in our body discriminates five kinds of sensation; touch, pressure, warmth, cold and pain. It has three layers; epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Skin

sense that gives us information about the location of our body parts and allows us to perform from a simple touching of nose to more complex movements such as dancing, driving and gymnastics.

Kinesthesia

gives information about body position, movement and acceleration.

Vestibular Sense

found in the visceral organs such as stomach, intestines, internal sex organs, lungs, throat and heart.

Organic Sensation

Types of Visual perception

Perceptual organization and Perceptual constancies

definite shape and a location in space.

Figure

has no shape and seems to continue behind the figure and has no definite location.

Ground

Gestaltist described certain principles or laws for grouping stimuli together

Grouping

we group nearby figures together.

Proximity

if figures are similar to each other, we group them together.

Similarity

the grouping of various elements organized to create a form.

Continuity

completing the missing or unfinished form or pattern to complete an element.

Closure

we perceive spots, lines, or areas as a single unit when uniform and linked.

Connectedness

grouping of like elements within a group with different elements.

Orientation

the grouping of elements into feature easiest to understand.

Simplicity

This phenomenon allows us to perceive an object as unchanging while the stimuli we receive from it changes. Thus we can identify things regardless of viewing angle, distances and illumination.

Perceptual Constancies

tendency to perceive the same object as being the same size even though the size of its image on the retina varies as a function of its distance.

Size Constancy

allows us to perceive familiar objects as having a constant form even when our retinal images of them change.

Shape Constancy

makes us perceive objects as retaining their color eventhough lighting conditions may alter their appearance.

Color Constancy

allows us to perceive an object as having constant lightness even while its illumination varies.

Lightness Constancy

Type of Perception

Visual Perception Movement Perception Depth Perception Perceptual Illusion Sound Perception Olfactory and Gustatory Perception Tactual Perception Perception of Time Perception of Persons Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

moving objects whether they are people, animals, cars or trees of earth plummeting down a hillside

Real Movement

tendency to perceive a stationary point of light as moving in a dark room

Auto Kinetic Effect

makes motion picture possible which is done through the presentation of a rapid progression of images of stationary objects.

Stroboscopic Motion

occurs as a result of the on-off process of switching the row of light as seen in an electronic scoreboard in a baseball or basketball stadium.

Phi Phenomenon

Types of Depth Perception

Monocular Cues and Binocular Cues

the larger the image of an object on the retina, the larger it perceived to be. Likewise, if an object is larger than other objects, it is often perceived as closer.

Size

parallel lines appear to converge in the distance; the greater this effect, the farther away an object appear to be.

Linear Perspective

texture of a surface appears smoother as distance increases.

Texture Gradient

the farther away objects are the less distinctly they are see

Atmospheric Perspective

if one object overlaps another, it is seen as being closer than the one it covers.

Overlap

below the horizon, objects lower down in our field of vision are perceived as closer; above the horizon, objects higher up are seen as closer.

Height cues

when we travel in a vehicle, objects far away appear to move in the same direction as the observer, whereas close objects move in the opposite direction.

Motion Parallax

in order to see close objects, our eyes turn inward, toward one another; the greater this movement, the closer such objects appear to be.

Convergence

our two eyes observe objects from slightly different positions in space; the difference between those two images is interpreted by our brain to provide another cue to depth.

Retinal Disparity

Perception can provide false interpretation of sensory information, known as illusion; which refers to incorrect perception.

Perceptual Illusion

Types of Perceptual Illusion

Illusion of size and Illusion of Area or Shape

which the bottom line looks longer than the top line

Muller-lyer Illusion

wherein the top horizontal line looks longer

Ponzo Illusion

which the vertical line looks longer.

Horizontal-vertical Illusion

in this illusion, a line disappear at an angle behind a solid figure, reappearing at the other side.

Poggnedorf Illusion

in perceiving distance and direction of sound, we are using our binaural cues

Sound Perception

in which the sound waves are detected by one ear earlier than the other.

Time Difference

sound stimulates the ear closer to the sound more strongly.

Intensity Difference

tells the pressure of a sound wave at any part, place or movement.

Phase Difference

affected by our exposure to certain stimulation.

Perception of odors

affected by our sensitivity to stimulus, temperature of the substances and the taste qualities in our tongue.

Gustatory perception

We would be able to identify with precision whether we were touched with a pin, a feather or a flat surface.

Tactual Perception

made possible through our experience, conditioning and some organic conditions which give us cues.

Perception of Time

Various factors affect such as attitudes, physical characteristics of the person being perceived, stereotypes and prejudices as well as our interests and values.

Perception of Persons

Perceptions that are not based on input from our sensory receptors

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

foretelling of future events.

Precognition

ability to perceive objects or events that do not directly stimulate your sense organs.

Clairvoyance

ability to send message to another person through the mind

Telepathy

ability to affect the physical world purely through thought.

Psychokinesis or Telekinesis