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ITP > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

process which detect physical energy from the environment and encode it
as a neural signals.

A

Sensation

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2
Q

process where we select, organize and interpret our sensation.

The process by which we organize, interpret, or make sense of our
sensory experiences.

A

Perception

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3
Q

divides the line between what energy can be detected or not.

A

Threshold

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4
Q

tells about the minimum difference in the magnitude of two
stimuli present

A

Difference threshold

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5
Q

minimal amount of energy that can produce a sensation.

A

Absolute threshold

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6
Q

minimal amount by which a source of energy must
be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived

A

Just noticeable difference

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7
Q

the process of becoming more sensitive to
stimulation.

A

Sensitization (positive adaptation)

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8
Q

the process of becoming less sensitive to
stimulation.

A

Desensitization (negative adaptation)

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9
Q

the eye and its basic structure.

A

Vision

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10
Q

receptor organ for vision.

A

Eye

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11
Q

transparent protective structure.

A

Cornea

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12
Q

round opening in which size varies with lighting conditions.

A

Pupil

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13
Q

colored part of the eye.

A

Iris

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14
Q

a clear structure in which shape adjusts to permit us to focus on objects
at varying distances.

A

Lens

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15
Q

postage-stamp-sized structure that contains two types of lights.

A

Retina

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16
Q

sharpness of vision or the ability to discriminate usual details
which can be measured though a Snellen chart.

A

Visual acuity

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17
Q

condition where a person is capable of
seeing nearby objects with greater activity than distant objects.

A

Nearsightedness (myopia)

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18
Q

condition where a person can see distant
object with greater activity than nearby objects

A

Farsightedness (hyperopia)

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19
Q

condition characterized by brittleness of the lens which usually
begins at about the age of 38 – 46.

A

Presbyopia

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20
Q

visual disorder in which both eyes cannot focus
on the same point at the same time.

A

Strabismus (cross-eyed)

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21
Q

visual disorder caused by abnormal curvature of the lens, so
that images are indistinct or distorted.

A

Astigmatism

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22
Q

condition in which persons suffering from this are
monochromats and sensitive to light (dark only).

A

Color Blindness

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23
Q

more common than total color blind and it is a sexlinked trait that strike mostly males. They are called dichromats.

A

Partial color blindness

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24
Q

the ear and its basic structure

A

Hearing

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25
Q

suited for sensing auditory stimulation or hearing.

A

Ear

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26
Q

shaped to funnel sound waves to the eardrum, a thin membrane
that vibrates in response to sound waves and thereby transmits them to the middle
and inner ears.

A

Outer ear

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27
Q

contains the eardrum and three small bones; the hammer, the anvil
and the stirrup, which transmit sound by vibrating. It functions as an amplifier, it
increases the magnitude of the air pressure.

A

Middle

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28
Q

oval window transmits vibrations into the inner ear, the bony
tube called cochlea, shaped like a snail.

A

Inner ear

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29
Q

occurs because of damage to the structures of the middle
ear, either to the eardrum or to the three bones

A

Conduction Deafness

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30
Q

usually stems from damage to the structures of the
inner ear most often the loss of hair cells which will not regenerate.

A

Sensory-neural deafness

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31
Q

stems from exposure to very loud sounds.

A

Stimulation Deafness

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32
Q

the chemical senses.

A

Smell and Taste

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33
Q

sensitive to various basic odors; flowery, misty, musky,
ethereal, pungent, putrid and burnt.

A

Nose

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34
Q

largest organ in our body discriminates five kinds of sensation; touch, pressure, warmth, cold and pain. It has three layers; epidermis,
dermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue.

A

Skin

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35
Q

sense that gives us information about the location of our
body parts and allows us to perform from a simple touching of nose to more
complex movements such as dancing, driving and gymnastics.

A

Kinesthesia

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36
Q

gives information about body position, movement and
acceleration.

A

Vestibular Sense

37
Q

found in the visceral organs such as stomach, intestines,
internal sex organs, lungs, throat and heart.

A

Organic Sensation

38
Q

Types of Visual perception

A

Perceptual organization and Perceptual constancies

39
Q

definite shape and a location in space.

A

Figure

40
Q

has no shape and seems to continue behind the
figure and has no definite location.

A

Ground

41
Q

Gestaltist described certain principles or laws for grouping stimuli
together

A

Grouping

42
Q

we group nearby figures together.

A

Proximity

43
Q

if figures are similar to each other, we group them
together.

A

Similarity

44
Q

the grouping of various elements organized to
create a form.

A

Continuity

45
Q

completing the missing or unfinished form or
pattern to complete an element.

A

Closure

46
Q

we perceive spots, lines, or areas as a single
unit when uniform and linked.

A

Connectedness

47
Q

grouping of like elements within a group
with different elements.

A

Orientation

48
Q

the grouping of elements into feature easiest to
understand.

A

Simplicity

49
Q

This phenomenon allows us to perceive an object as unchanging
while the stimuli we receive from it changes. Thus we can identify things
regardless of viewing angle, distances and illumination.

A

Perceptual Constancies

50
Q

tendency to perceive the same object as being the same
size even though the size of its image on the retina varies as a function of its
distance.

A

Size Constancy

51
Q

allows us to perceive familiar objects as having a constant
form even when our retinal images of them change.

A

Shape Constancy

52
Q

makes us perceive objects as retaining their color
eventhough lighting conditions may alter their appearance.

A

Color Constancy

53
Q

allows us to perceive an object as having constant
lightness even while its illumination varies.

A

Lightness Constancy

54
Q

Type of Perception

A

Visual Perception
Movement Perception
Depth Perception
Perceptual Illusion
Sound Perception
Olfactory and Gustatory Perception
Tactual Perception
Perception of Time
Perception of Persons
Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

55
Q

moving objects whether they are people, animals, cars or trees
of earth plummeting down a hillside

A

Real Movement

56
Q

tendency to perceive a stationary point of light as
moving in a dark room

A

Auto Kinetic Effect

57
Q

makes motion picture possible which is done through the
presentation of a rapid progression of images of stationary objects.

A

Stroboscopic Motion

58
Q

occurs as a result of the on-off process of switching the row
of light as seen in an electronic scoreboard in a baseball or basketball stadium.

A

Phi Phenomenon

59
Q

Types of Depth Perception

A

Monocular Cues and Binocular Cues

60
Q

the larger the image of an object on the retina, the larger it perceived to be.
Likewise, if an object is larger than other objects, it is often perceived as closer.

A

Size

61
Q

parallel lines appear to converge in the distance; the greater
this effect, the farther away an object appear to be.

A

Linear Perspective

62
Q

texture of a surface appears smoother as distance
increases.

A

Texture Gradient

63
Q

the farther away objects are the less distinctly they
are see

A

Atmospheric Perspective

64
Q

if one object overlaps another, it is seen as being closer than the one it
covers.

A

Overlap

65
Q

below the horizon, objects lower down in our field of vision are
perceived as closer; above the horizon, objects higher up are seen as closer.

A

Height cues

66
Q

when we travel in a vehicle, objects far away appear to move
in the same direction as the observer, whereas close objects move in the
opposite direction.

A

Motion Parallax

67
Q

in order to see close objects, our eyes turn inward, toward one
another; the greater this movement, the closer such objects appear to be.

A

Convergence

68
Q

our two eyes observe objects from slightly different positions
in space; the difference between those two images is interpreted by our brain to
provide another cue to depth.

A

Retinal Disparity

69
Q

Perception can provide false interpretation of sensory information,
known as illusion; which refers to incorrect perception.

A

Perceptual Illusion

70
Q

Types of Perceptual Illusion

A

Illusion of size and Illusion of Area or Shape

71
Q

which the bottom line looks longer than the top line

A

Muller-lyer Illusion

72
Q

wherein the top horizontal line looks longer

A

Ponzo Illusion

73
Q

which the vertical line looks longer.

A

Horizontal-vertical Illusion

74
Q

in this illusion, a line disappear at an angle behind
a solid figure, reappearing at the other side.

A

Poggnedorf Illusion

75
Q

in perceiving distance and direction of sound, we are using our binaural cues

A

Sound Perception

76
Q

in which the sound waves are detected by one ear earlier than
the other.

A

Time Difference

77
Q

sound stimulates the ear closer to the sound
more strongly.

A

Intensity Difference

78
Q

tells the pressure of a sound wave at any part, place or
movement.

A

Phase Difference

79
Q

affected by our exposure to certain stimulation.

A

Perception of odors

80
Q

affected by our sensitivity to stimulus, temperature of
the substances and the taste qualities in our tongue.

A

Gustatory perception

81
Q

We would be able to identify with precision whether we were touched with a pin, a feather or a flat surface.

A

Tactual Perception

82
Q

made possible through our experience, conditioning and
some organic conditions which give us cues.

A

Perception of Time

83
Q

Various factors affect such as attitudes, physical
characteristics of the person being perceived, stereotypes and prejudices as well as
our interests and values.

A

Perception of Persons

84
Q

Perceptions that are not based on input from our sensory receptors

A

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

85
Q

foretelling of future events.

A

Precognition

86
Q

ability to perceive objects or events that do not directly
stimulate your sense organs.

A

Clairvoyance

87
Q

ability to send message to another person through the mind

A

Telepathy

88
Q

ability to affect the physical world purely
through thought.

A

Psychokinesis or Telekinesis

ITP (7 decks)

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