Unit 1 Flashcards
came from the Greek words “psyche and logos”
Psychology
means soul or mind
Psyche
means study of
Logos
study of the mind or soul
Psychology
scientific study and practical application of the observable behavior and
mental processes of organisms
Psychology
science or scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Psychology
action and reactions of the individual when exposed or placed on a
certain situation or environment.
Behavior
Types of Behavior
Overt and Covert
Rational and Irrational
Voluntary and Involuntary
Simple and Complex
Conscious, Unconscious and Non-Conscious
behavior which is observable and can be manifested outwardly.
Overt
behavior of which action is not directly visible.
Covert
manifested through an action which is in the realm of sanity and adequate
reason
Rational
pertains to action which are done without any apparent reason and
explanation.
Irrational
done with the person’s full will and discretion.
Voluntary
actions done automatically.
Involuntary
utilizes fewer neurons
Simple
more neurons than simple
Complex
pertains to the actions that is within one’s awareness.
Conscious
actions done by an individual yet is not aware of doing so.
Unconscious
bodily activities which may be detected by instruments or apparatus.
Non-conscious
Aims and goals of Psychology
Describe
Understand
Predict
Change/Control
Explain
most common way of explaining behavior during ancient times is the use
of animism.
Ancient period
it is the gods and spirits who were attributed to be the direct cause of
events and activities of man.
Animism
theorized that the human mind is composed of atoms
Democritus
soul is distinct to man and it is God-given
inhibits the
body as “knower, thinker and determiner” of the individual’s actions.
He reiterated that
the human psyche consists of three elements; the element of reason, spirited element
and element of bodily appetites and desire.
Plato
father of psychology
Aristotle
He introduced the three
functions of the soul; appetitive, vegetative and rational. According to his belief the
brain is merely a gland and would perform minor functions.
Aristotle
father of medicine. First theorized that mental disorders arose
from natural cause
Hippocrates
theorized the relation of temperament to physiological factors. The
temperament correspond as sanguine (yellow bile), phlegmatic (green bile),
melancholic (black bile) and choleric (red bile).
Galen
combined the Greek Platonic thought with Christian
thinking and introduced the method of introspection
St. Augustine of Hippo
individual tries to
describe his own conscious processes.
Introspection
merged Aristotle’s idea that the mind is a living matter to
his idea of immortality.
St. Thomas Aquinas
is often attributed for the initial use of the term “psychology” in his
writing.
Rudolf Gockel
psychology should separate from philosophy and
should be treated as a natural science.
Francis Bacon
idea of dualism and the concept of reflex action
– which indicates that the mind and body interact.
Rene Descartes
all experiences may be analyzed. He also
linked the idea on his concept of “tabula rasa” of which at birth the mind is like a blank
tablet the gathers its contents through the experiences that an individual will have in his
entire life.
John Locke
utilized the method of “animal magnetism” in curing
hysteria.
Franz Anton Mesmer
mind is not blank but rather the mind is capable
of acquiring knowledge through sensory experiences.
Immanuel Kant
responsible for making psychology as a science.
Johann Friedrich Herbart
as the father of behavioral genetics and introduced
the idea of individual differences.
Francis Galton
father of modern/scientific psychology. He
established the first psychological laboratory in Germany.
Wilhelm Wundt
founder of American Psychology. The most renowned
proponent of the scientific basis in the study of human behavior.
William James
the first to formally describe bipolar disorder and coined the
term “manic depressive”.
Emil Kraeplin
developed the idea of structuralism
Edward Titchener
father of psychoanalysis and developed the
psychoanalytic process of free association.
Sigmund Freud
developed his theory of the origin of neurosis. He gave emphasis on
the importance of the collective unconscious as the basis of affect to behavior.
Carl Jung
conceptualized the importance of superiority and inferiority as a
factor that affects man’s existence.
Alfred Adler
first systematic psychometrician and
father of classical test theory.
Charles Spearman
developed the first Intelligence Quotient test.
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
father of educational psychology
Edward Thorndike
identified four lines of history and filiations of Philippine psychology
Zeus Salazar
the four lines of history and filiation of Philippine psychology
- Academic-scientific psychology
- Academic-philosophical psychology
- Ethnic or indigenous psychology
- Psycho-medical psychology
organized explanation of certain phenomena believed by
groups of people supporting the principle.
School of thought
first school of thought; and introduced ideas associated with experiences.
It believes in the importance of the structure of the mind.
Structuralism
Studied how the mind affects what people do. It stressed the importance of
functional adjustment of an organism to his environment.
Functionalism
stressed the importance of the environment in shaping an individual’s behavior. They realized that
human behavior could also be changed by conditioning.
Behaviorism
Developed as a reaction against structuralism
literally means to
configure or to form a pattern
Gestalt
based on the theory that behavior is determined
by powerful inner forces. Freud developed psychoanalysis as a form of psychotherapy.
Psychoanalysis
theoretical perspective that focuses on the realms of human perception, thought and
memory
Cognitive Psychology
individual’s behavior is primarily determined by his perception
of the world around him. Individuals are not solely the product of their environment and
are internally motivated to fulfill their human potential.
Humanistic
branch of psychology that looks at psychopathology and abnormal behavior.
Abnormal Psychology
Also known as Behaviorism
Behavioral psychology
branch of psychology that focused on the study of how the brain influences
behavior. Also called physiological psychology, behavioral neuroscience and
psychobiology.
Bio-psychology
branch of psychology that focuses on internal states such as motivation,
problem solving, decision-making, thinking and attention.
Cognitive Psychology
branch of psychology concerned with the study of animal behavior.
Comparative Psychology
branch of psychology that looks at the development throughout the lifespan.
Developmental Psychology
branch of psychology concerned with schools, teaching psychology,
educational issues and students concerns.
Educational Psychology
branch of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to research of brain and
behavior.
Experimental Psychology
branch of psychology is focused on the patterns of thoughts, feelings and
behavior that makes a person unique.
Personality Psychology
Seeks to explain and understand social behavior
Social behavior
The application of the principles of biology to the study of mental processes and
behavior.
Bio-psychology
study of neural mechanism of perception and behavior through direct
manipulation of the brains of nonhuman animal subjects in controlled experiment.
Physiological Psychology
branch of medicine which exists to study, prevent and treat mental disorders in
humans.
Psychiatry
application of specialized psychological methods to the treatment
of diagnosed mental disorders or to the problems of a person’s daily adjustment.
Psychotherapy
subfield of medicine that deals with the various pharmacological agents utilized
to affect behavior, mood and feelings.
Psychotropics
branch of medicine which involves the surgical severing and chemical alterations
of brain fibers with the purpose of modifying psychological disturbances and other
behavior aberrations.
Psychosurgery
Merged the discipline of sociology and anthropology together with the basic
premise about the common concern of psychology.
Social Psychology
study of psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to
acquire, use and understand language.
Psycholinguistics or Psychology of Language
helps psychologists to organize their scientific findings to
link and connect them to theories as they seek for further research direction.
Theoretical Pespective
studies on
the behavior of different animal species to understand how the evolutionary past is
connected to what is going on in the modern man’s brain.
Evolutionary Perspective
Freud advanced that much of what a person thinks and does is motivated by
inner forces in the subconscious level of the mind over which the person has no control.
All forms of maladjustments and emotional conflicts in adult life are traceable to
traumatic psychic experiences in childhood which are outside the person’s conscious
awareness.
Psychodynamic Perspective
Adheres to the belief that psychology should focus on overt observable behavior and its relationship to an event that can be predicted and measured objectively.
Behavioral Perspective
combination of gestalt psychology and behavioral psychology. It focuses on how a person knows, understands and thinks about the world around him.
Cognitive Perspective
third force because it is the first significant alterative to the
psychoanalytic and behavioral perspectives in understanding human behavior.
Humanistic Perspective
Psychologists study the brain and the hormonal system and their effects on
heredity and psychological functions.
Psychobiological Perspective
how behavior and mental processes relate to changes in the brain
and nervous system.
Neuropsychological Perspective
3 steps in the scientific approach method
- Formulating the problem or purpose of the study.
- Developing a conceptual or theoretical framework and hypotheses on the specific
phenomenon to be studied. - Gathering pieces of evidence that either support or refute the research framework.
Methods of research
- Controlled experiments
- Animal studies
- Qualitative and descriptive research
- Survey questionnaires
- Longitudinal studies
- Neuropsychological methods
- Computational modeling
- Correlational method
- Indigenous research method
