Unit 6

Question 1

Definition

Answer 1

Sets the limits for including a phenomenon into the category

Question 2

Formal definition (2)

Answer 2

• Imprecise structural definition
• Not suitable for scientific use

Question 3

Operational definition

Answer 3

Precise structural definition

Question 4

Functional definition

Answer 4

Phenomenon defined by its procedure and effect on the environment

Question 5

Higher-order constructs (2)

Answer 5

• Unobserved or abstract processes, entities, or agents
• Augment empirical observations and generalizing findings

Question 6

Intervening variables (2)

Answer 6

• Summary of functional relationships between different IVs and DVs
• Allow is to use higher-order constructs

Question 7

Hypothetical constructs

Answer 7

Appeal to unobserved functional relationships, entities, or agents

Question 8

Surplus

Answer 8

Unobserved factors that hypothetically operate on a phenomenon

Question 9

Mediational processes

Answer 9

Processes that mediate environmental changes

Question 10

Circular relation

Answer 10

Behavioral explanation is found in the definition of the behavior

Question 11

Explanatory fictions describe behavior as caused by

Answer 11

Hypothetical construct within individual or future events

Question 12

Law of parsimony

Answer 12

Simplest explanations are best

Question 13

Pseudoscience

Answer 13

Explaining phenomena using some aspects of science but not all

Question 14

Magical explanations

Answer 14

Appeal to entities or agents that do not exist

Question 15

Anthropomorphic explanations

Answer 15

Attributing cause to human-like traits in nonhuman animals

Question 16

Teleological explanations

Answer 16

Appeal to future events as causes of behavior

Question 17

Nominal explanations

Answer 17

Attribute cause to entities which exist in name only

Question 18

Reification

Answer 18

Hypothetically constructed entity is attributed causality

Question 19

Deductive theory: Steps (3)

Answer 19

1) Posit general claims
2) Generate hypotheses about claims
3) Derive tests of those hypotheses

Question 20

Inductive theory

Answer 20

Observations of certain phenomena produce further experimentation

Question 21

Metatheories

Answer 21

Theories about theories

Question 22

Metatheories provide

Answer 22

Broad context for empirical observations and interpretations

Question 23

Generalization

Answer 23

Spread of effects of environmental change to other conditions or responses

Question 24

Stimulus generalization

Answer 24

Same behavior occurs in the presence of different stimulus conditions

Question 25

Response generalization

Answer 25

Same stimulus condition has the same effect on different response topographies

Question 26

Generality

Answer 26

Effects of IV observed across different subjects, settings, or responses

Question 27

Direct replication

Answer 27

Same procedure repeated with the same subject

Question 28

Systematic replication (2)

Answer 28

• Repeating procedure with 1+ variations
• Increases generality

Question 29

Generic extension

Answer 29

Establishing principles and concepts generality through systematic replication

Question 30

Metaphorical extension

Answer 30

Establishing generality through metaphorical verbal behavior

Question 31

Structural definitions (2)

Answer 31

1) Formal
2) Operational

Question 32

Creating higher-order constructs (2)

Answer 32

(1) Intervening variables
(2) Hypothetical constructs

(MacCorquodale & Meehl, 1948)

Question 33

Types of generalization (2)

Answer 33

(1) Stimulus generalization
(2) Response generalization

Question 34

Types of generalization gradients (2)

Answer 34

(1) Steep
(2) Flat

Question 35

Elements of stimulus control (2)

Answer 35

(1) Generalization
(2) Discrimination

Question 36

Direct replication AKA

Answer 36

Procedural generality

Question 37

Types of extension (2)

Answer 37

(1) Generic
(2) Metaphorical