Unit 5

Question 1

Positivism

Answer 1

Knowledge comes from objective observations and data

Question 2

Positivism on epistemological positions

Answer 2

All are inadequate

Question 3

Interpretivism

Answer 3

Knowledge comes from subjective observations and qualitative data

Question 4

Interpretivism is the opposite of

Answer 4

Positivism

Question 5

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Answer 5

Measuring/observing something changes what’s observed

Question 6

Heisenberg uncertainty principle:
Can’t be certain about

Answer 6

Knowledge derived from data

Question 7

Scientific skepticism

Answer 7

Suspend judgment until evidence verifies the claim

Question 8

Scientific skepticism: The position is

Answer 8

Scientifically acceptable

Question 9

Cynicism retains

Answer 9

Incredulity despite evidence

Question 10

Cynicism: The position is

Answer 10

Scientifically unacceptable

Question 11

Subjective observation:

Influenced by

Answer 11

Observer’s inherent biases

Question 12

Objective observation:

Works to

Answer 12

Minimize the observer’s inherent biases

Question 13

Unsystematic observation

Answer 13

Informally noticing everyday life phenomena

Question 14

Systematic observation

Answer 14

Formalized inspection of phenomena governed by rules

Question 15

Naturalistic systematic observation

Answer 15

Observe phenomena without manipulating the IV

Question 16

Controlled systematic observation

Answer 16

Observe phenomena while manipulating the IV

Question 17

Obtrusive AKA

Answer 17

Intrusive

Question 18

Obtrusive observation

Answer 18

What is being observed is aware of the observer

Question 19

Unobtrusive observation

Answer 19

Technique to minimize observer influences over behavior

Question 20

Direct observation

Answer 20

Measuring actual behavior

Question 21

Indirect observation

Answer 21

Measuring some “index” of the actual behavior

Question 22

Accuracy:

Observations correspond to

Answer 22

True values

Question 23

Validity:

Observations correspond to

Answer 23

Established criterion

Question 24

Reliability:

Observations correspond to

Answer 24

One another

Question 25

Nonexperimental science

Answer 25

Observation without variable manipulation

Question 26

Experimental science

Answer 26

Observation with variable manipulation

Question 27

Mill’s method of agreement

Answer 27

Isolates variables common to different situations

Question 28

Mill’s method of difference

Answer 28

Isolates dissimilar variables in similar situations producing different outcomes

Question 29

Mill’s joint method of agreement and difference: Part 1

Answer 29

Isolates possible causal variables using method of agreement

Question 30

Mill’s joint method of agreement and difference: Part 2

Answer 30

Manipulates variables using method of difference

Question 31

Mill’s method of concomitant variation: What happens?

Answer 31

1 phenomenon changes because of another

Question 32

Mill’s method of concomitant variation:
When something changes

Answer 32

1 is the cause or effect of the other

Question 33

Multiple causation:
More than 1 cause is either

Answer 33

Necessary but not sufficient or vice versa

Question 34

Historical causation:

Causes are either (2)

Answer 34

1) Temporally distal
2) Result of ambiguous conditioning histories

Question 35

Reductionism

Answer 35

Reduce phenomenon into its component parts

Question 36

Holism

Answer 36

See the whole organism, object, or event

Question 37

Molar reinforcement theory:

Behavior is best understood as

Answer 37

Aggregate actions across time

Question 38

Molecular reinforcement theory:

Behavior is best understood through

Answer 38

Contiguous stimulus-response-stimulus events

Question 39

Interpretivism AKA

Answer 39

Anti-positivism

Question 40

Heisenberg uncertainty principle AKA

Answer 40

Principle of Uncertainty

Question 41

Types of systematic (formal) observation (2)

Answer 41

1) Naturalistic
2) Controlled

Question 42

Modes of systematic objective observation (2)

Answer 42

1) Obtrusive
2) Unobtrusive

Question 43

Tools of systematic objective observation (2)

Answer 43

1) Nonhuman instruments
2) Human instruments

Question 44

Trustworthiness of observations: Considerations (3)

Answer 44

1) Accuracy
2) Validity
3) Reliability

Question 45

Mill’s methods: Method of (4)

Answer 45

1) Agreement
2) Difference
3) Agreement/difference
4) Concomitant variation

Question 46

Essentialist vs. Hume:

Essentialist’s position

Answer 46

Causes are in the organism

Question 47

Essentialist vs. Hume:

Hume’s position

Answer 47

Causes are in the environment

Question 48

1

Hume’s rules for inferring causation:

Answer 48

Cause precedes effect

Question 49

2

Hume’s rules for inferring causation:

Answer 49

Cause and effect are contiguous in time

Question 50

3

Hume’s rules for inferring causation:

Answer 50

Cause and effect are contiguous in space

Question 51

4

Hume’s rules for inferring causation:

Answer 51

Consistent covariation between cause and effect

Question 52

5

Hume’s rules for inferring causation:

Answer 52

Cause produces reliable effect

Question 53

Functional relation:

Amenable to

Answer 53

Pragmatists

Question 54

Functional relation refers to

Answer 54

Covariations

Question 55

Cause and effect:

Amenable to

Answer 55

Realists

Question 56

Cause and effect refers to

Answer 56

Absolute

Question 57

Holism AKA

Answer 57

Anti-reductionism

Question 58

Behavior analysis: Levels of explanation (2)

Answer 58

1) Molar
2) Molecular