unit 6 Flashcards
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli
in classical conditioning an unlearned naturally occurring response (like salivating) to an uncondtioned stimulus
unconditioned response (UR)
in classical conditioning a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response (UR)
unconditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
conditioned response(CS)
in classical conditioning an originalally neutral stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus(US)
comes to trigger a conditioned(CR)
conditioned stimulus(CS)
a procedure where the conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus creating a second(often weaker) conditioned stimulus
second/higher order conditioning
the diminishing of a conditioned response
occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus doesn’t follow a conditioned stimulus
occurs in operant conditioning when a response is. no longer reinforced
extinction
once a response has been condition, the tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
ex. dog conditioned to sound of one tone also responds to the sound of a new and different tone
stimulus generalization
in in classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned r stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
i’m operant conditioning the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced
discrimination
operant conditioning
a type of learning where organisms associate their own actions with consequences
i’m operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
reinforcement
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviors toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
shaping
examples of operant conditioning
shaping
reinforcement
positive reinforcement
strengthens response by presenting a pleasurable stimulus immediately after a response
negative reinforcement
strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative
removes an aversive(unwanted) stimulus
negative reinforcement
adds a desirable stimulus
positive reinforcement
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
reinforcement schedules
reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
ex. free coffee after every 100 points earned
fixed ratio schedules
reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
ex. gambling
variable ratio schedules
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
ex. discount prices every tuesday
fixed interval shedules
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
ex. studying for unpredictable pop quiz
variable interval schedules
punishment
an event that tends to decreases the behavior that follows
give an aversive(unwanted) stimulus
positive punishment
withdraw a rewarding stimulus
negative punishment
learning by observing others can be called social learning
observational learning
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
modeling
albert bandura
researcher of observational learning (bobo doll)
positive constructive, helpful behavior
prosocial
negative behavior
antisocial
learned association between the taste of a food and illness such that you always think that good causes illness
taste aversion
how you interpret sensory info
perception
part of brain affected by alcohol
cerebellum
