Unit 5b - Genetics and Heredity Flashcards

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1
Q

P1

A

true breeding / parent generation

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2
Q

F1

A

offspring of P1

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3
Q

F2

A

offspring of F1

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4
Q

What is Mendel’s FIRST principle?

A

alternate version of genes(alleles) cause variation in inherited characteristics among offspring.

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5
Q

What is Mendel’s SECOND priniciple?

A

for each character, every organism inherits one allele from each parent.

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6
Q

What is Mendel’s THIRD principle?

A

if two alleles are different the dominant allele will be fully expressed; the recessive allele will have no noticeable effect.

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7
Q

What is Mendel’s Law of Segregation?

A

the 2 alleles for each character separate during gamete formation.

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8
Q

Alleles

A

alternate versions of a gene

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9
Q

Homozygous

A

2 same alleles (PP or pp)

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10
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles(Pp)

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

expressed physical traits

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12
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup

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13
Q

What is a Testcross?

A

used to determine if a dominant organism is unknown to be homozygous or heterozygous by crossing w/ recessive organisms.

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14
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

each pair of alleles separate independently during gamete formation.

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15
Q

Exaplain Law of Segregation?

A

haploid gametes are produced through the process of meiosis.

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16
Q

Explain Law of Independent Assortment?

A

inheritance of one characteristic does not effect the inheritance of other characteristics.

17
Q

Mono-hybrid vs Di-hybrid Cross

A

study of 1 trait(color) vs study of 2 traits (color and shape)

18
Q

Law of Probability: Multiplication Rule

A

P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B)
Two independent events will occur together

19
Q

Law of Probability: Addition Rule

A

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
Two mutually exclusive events will occur

20
Q

Complete Dominance

A

heterozygote and homozygote for dominant allele are indistinguishable
ex. YY or Yy = yellow seed

21
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

F1 hybrids have appearance that is between that of 2 parents.
ex. red x white = pink flowers (think mixing paint)

22
Q

Co-dominance

A

phenotype of both alleles is expressed
ex. red hair horse x white hair horse = roan horses (think cow print)

23
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

gene has 2+ alleles
ex. human ABO blood groups

24
Q

Nature vs Nuture

A

both genetic and environmental factors influence phenotype.
ex hydrangea flowers

25
Q

Pedigree

A

diagram that shows the relationship between parent/offspring across 2+ generations.

26
Q

Sex Linked Traits

A

most located on the X chromosomes

27
Q

Non-Nuclear DNA

A

genes located in organelles (contain small circular DNA)
ex. mitochondria , chloroplasts , or plastids

28
Q

Mitochondria =

A

maternal inheritance

29
Q

Nondisjunction

A

chromosomes fail to separate properly in Meiosis I or Meiosis II

30
Q

Blood Phenotype A

A

I^A I^A or I^Ai

31
Q

Blood Phenotype B

A

I^B I^B or I^Bi

32
Q

Blood Phenotype AB

A

I^A I^B

33
Q

Blood Phenotype O

A

ii