Unit 5.6 - Industrialization: Government's Role Flashcards
Every state that industrialized experienced competing pressure between ____ and ____
Traditional values and modernization; countries varied within how much of spreading western technologies and ideas they adopted
Factors that led to the Ottoman Empire being known as the “sick man of Europe”
Not adopting Western technology or Enlightenment ideas, government corruption, ethnic nationalism across a diverse population, and overexpanding.
Great humiliations that left China’s central government too weak to industrialize
The Opium War and “spheres of influence” where China was dominated by foreign influences
What did Japan struggle with against Western influences/powers?
Remaining independent, having territorial integrity (right to defend one’s borders and the territory within it), and feeling equal
Mamluks
Formerly enslaved Turks that formed the military class and had ruled over Egypt until the sultan sent an army to Egypt and Muhammad Ali came into power
Ways Muhammad Ali helped modernize Egypt
By using his power to sponsor industrialization once he rose to power in Egypt, he made a military modeled after a European one and did not follow all of the sultan’s campaigns, only joining in ones and sometimes going on his own which benefitted him. He also highly taxed peasants in order to gain money and their land from them and controlled the production and marketing of cotton and other productions. He then industrialized Egypt with the addition of factories to build things like textiles and ships.
Cause of Japan abandoning isolation and opening it’s country to western influence/trade
Pressures from European powers to open up and allow them to trade and refuel in Japan. This was accomplished by U.S. Navy leader Commodore Matthew Perry who used powerful navy warships to intimidate Japan into yielding which was then followed by other states.
Meiji Restoration
Caused by reformers who realized that they needed to adopt western technology and methods in order to protect their culture (continuation of defensive modernization), they overthrew the shogun and restored power to the emperor.
Meiji Restoration Significance (Reforms that were made)
Japan allowed European/U.S. experts in to study from them. They abolished things like feudalism and cruel punishments, adopted a constitutional monarchy and equality, and built new schools, a navy, railroads, roads, and industries of tea, silk, weaponry, shipbuilding, and sake
Constitutional Monarchy
Emperor ruled through a subordinate political leader
Consequence of Japan adopting Western methods
Also adopted some of their societal problems such as female mill workers being abused and exploited just like British ones.
How did Japan pay for all its reforms?
By having a high agricultural tax which also allowed them to grow rapidly economically
Zaibatsu
A powerful Japanese organization which invested in/bought industries that were flourishing (Ex: Toyota)
Keys to modernization in Japan
The relationship between industries and a centralized government and private investments
How important was government support to success at industrialization?
Despite capitalism and ideas like laissez-faire which gave citizens independence from the government and allowed them to build up companies knowing they owned it (protection of private property), government support was greatly important to the success of industrialization. As seen with the examples of Egypt and Japan’s industrialization in contrast to the industrialization of a country like France, it can be seen that government support is important. France was focused on neighboring wars and the French Revolution and so was delayed in industrializing while for Egypt and Japan, once a centralized government that supported industrialization was established, they were well on their war to modernizing.
