Unit 5.2 - Nationalism and Revolutions

Question 1

What caused revolutions?

Answer 1

The desire for a constitutional and democratic government

Question 2

Democracy

Answer 2

A form of government where common people have the authority to vote and participate their government or choose officials to do so instead of a ruler having absolute power (autocracy)

Question 3

What movement inspired the American Revolution?

Answer 3

The Enlightenment with its calls for a new constitutional and democratic government in addition to natural rights for all, physiocrats, and capitalism.

Question 4

Physiocrats

Answer 4

Economists who stressed the necessity of free trade (instead of mercantilism)

Question 5

Mercantilism

Answer 5

An economic idea where high tariffs were placed on all other goods besides the mother country; went hand in hand with colonization. Mother countries did this to become the most wealthy by importing as little as possible and exporting as much as possible.

Question 6

Capitalism

Answer 6

An economic idea that included “laissez-faire” and focused on keeping the government from interfering with businesses that were privately owned by someone.

Question 7

Zionism

Answer 7

The desire of Jews after the hostility they faced to have a homeland

Question 8

Anti-Semitism

Answer 8

The hostility and oppression Jews faced for their religion

Question 9

Capitalism

Answer 9

An economic idea that included “laissez-faire” and focused on keeping the government from interfering with businesses that were privately owned by someone.

Question 10

Who did Thomas Jefferson quote in the Dec. of Independence?

Answer 10

John Locke with the quote that all men had the right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” (instead of property)

Question 11

Mercantilism

Answer 11

An economic idea where high tariffs were placed on all other goods besides the mother country; went hand in hand with colonization. Mother countries did this to become the most wealthy by importing as little as possible and exporting as much as possible.

Question 12

The Maori

Answer 12

Polynesian people living in New Zealand who were divided into tribes (iwi) until Britain colonized them. United by nationalism they fought British control but lost.

Question 13

French Revolution Slogan in Eng.

Answer 13

Liberty, equality, and fraternity (supportive group of people sharing common interests/profession)

Question 14

What caused the French Revolution?

Answer 14

Oppression between the common estate (majority of people who were very poor) and clergy (religious officials) and nobles who were rich during a time when France was in debt because they had supported the American Rev.

Question 15

What were the two most permanent changes that came out of the French Rev.?

Answer 15

The abolishment of feudalism and the Declaration of the Rights of Man

Question 16

Feudalism

Answer 16

The social system where kings gave land to nobles who then exchanged protection and hospitality for protection from knights and caring of land from serfs/servants

Question 17

What group of people rebelled during the Haitian Rev.?

Answer 17

Enslaved Africans forced to work on sugar and coffee colonies and Maroons (emancipated slaves) rebelled against their owners

Question 18

Outcome of the Haitian Rev.

Answer 18

Haiti became the first Latin Amer. country to win its independence and slavery was abolished thanks to general and later ruler Toussaint L’Ouverture

Question 19

Similarities of the French and Haitian Revs.

Answer 19

Both were influenced by the Enlightenment’s revolutionary ideas that men had natural rights and were being limited by being forced into estates (social classes)

Question 20

Differences of the French and Haitian Revs.

Answer 20

The Haitian Revolution was caused by people being more severely oppressed as slaves who had no rights were revolting while the French Revolution was caused only by commoners.

Question 21

Reign of Terror

Answer 21

A time in France after the French Revolution started by the Jacobins who executed anyone who opposed the revolution

Question 22

Spanish Casta System

Answer 22

Peninsulares (Spanish colonists born in Spain), Creoles (Europeans born in the Americas), Mestizos (European-Indians), Mulattoes (European-Africans), and then indigenous peoples and enslaved Africans

Question 23

Which casta led most of the Latin Amer. Revs. and what were their problems?

Answer 23

The Creoles because they were wealthy business owners but were limited in train due to Spain practicing mercantilism and they wanted more political power.

Question 24

Did the Creoles want the support of Mestizos?

Answer 24

No, because the Mestizos wanted more political power too and out of fear for what had happened like in the Haitian Revolution, they did not want the support to backfire over conflict when it came to distributing political power

Question 25

Who led many of the Latin American revolutions and what inspired many of his ideas? (Latin George Washington)

Answer 25

Simone Bolivar, who was inspired by the Enlightenment. He described himself as a liberal who believed in free market and the abolition of slavery.

Question 26

New independent countries of Latin America

Answer 26

Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru

Question 27

Caudillos

Answer 27

Strong local leaders that were the outcome of armies loyal to their generals. They participate din national politics to make or break governments/political decisions that were rarely in favor of any other casta than the creoles.

Question 28

Were the creole revolutions successful for everyone? Why?

Answer 28

No, because although slavery and some social distinctions were legally ended, indigenous people and women specifically were still very oppressed. Neither had much political power or education and so did not get anything out of the creole revolutions.

Question 29

Lola Rodriguez de Tio

Answer 29

A famous female poet who inspired and contributed to the spirit of the Puerto Rican revolution due to her critiques of Spain’s exploits and reading of revolutionary songs.

Question 30

Propaganda Movement

Answer 30

Influenced by nationalism and republicanism, Filipinos advocated for autonomy through publications. When Jose Rizal, one of the greatest of these advocators was arrested and executed by the Spanish, it led to the Philippine Revolution.

Question 31

Republicanism/Autonomy

Answer 31

The right to self-govern; a government where a leader makes sure things in the federal government are running smoothly but the power is held by the citizens

Question 32

Nationalism

Answer 32

A bond and unification of people under a shared language, history, or customs

Question 33

Nationalism was a ___ force that not only…

Answer 33

unifying; threatened large empires, but drove people to unite under shared culture into a political state.

Question 34

Count di Cavour

Answer 34

An Italian prime minister of a nothern Italian kingdom who sought to unite the entire Italian Peninsula under the House of Savoy because of realpolitik and get back Italy’s authenticity instead of being influenced by other countries.

Question 35

House of Savoy

Answer 35

Italy’s only native dynasty

Question 36

Dynasty

Answer 36

A sequence of rulers from the same family

Question 37

Realpolitik

Answer 37

The belief in the practical politics of reality (in addition to natural rights, progress, and constitutional monarchies)

Question 38

Giuseppe Mazzini

Answer 38

A philosopher who had been advocating for Italian resurgence and had his philosophies used by Cavour to unite the Italian Peninsula

Question 39

What caused German nationalism to grow?

Answer 39

Opposition against French occupation in German states

Question 40

German leader who oversaw Germany’s unification, why he did, and how he unified Germany?

Answer 40

Otto von Bismarck because of realpolitik. He used nationalistic feelings to start wars that led to Germany rising to power

Question 41

Immigration

Answer 41

The movement of people into a country from other countries

Question 42

What caused immigration in Italy and to where?

Answer 42

Poverty (mainly in the south) to the US and Argentina, where immigration was enocuraged

Question 43

Two factors that reawakened Greek cultural pride and led to Greece revolting against the Ottomans

Answer 43

When connected to Western Europe, Greeks were exposed to Enlightenment thinking and saw how all of Europe revered them because of the impact ancient Greek literature and studies had on them (such as the astrolabe, philosophies, and their studies in astrology)

Question 44

What major ideological beliefs caused people in the Americas to revolt during this time period?

Answer 44

The Enlightenment and nationalism

Question 45

Count di Cavour

Answer 45

An Italian prime minister of a nothern Italian kingdom who sought to unite the entire Italian Peninsula under the House of Savoy because of realpolitiks.

Question 46

Ottomanism

Answer 46

An Ottoman movement that sought to unify the state by minimizing differences in culture, linguistics, and religions but only made the want for independence and nationalism stronger in subjects.