Section 5.8 - Reactions to the Industrial Economy Flashcards
Working Conditions during the Industrial Revolution
Inhumane, dangerous, and unsanitary, utilizing child labor and exploitation through low wages and long hours
Sadler Report
A study by the British Parliament on factory working conditions, bringing attention to how it needed to change
Workers’ Responses to Poor Working Conditions
They formed labor unions to rebel (go on strike) and bargain with their employers for better working conditions
Labor Union
Organizations of workers advocating for the right to bargain with employers and finalize it with a contract (connection to John Locke and the people’s right to revolt against a government that did not exist for them)
Effect of Labor Unions
Improvement in workers’ lives through minimum wage, limits on the numbers of hours worked, paid overtime, five-day workweek, and abolishment of child labor also thanks to social activists and reformers
How did Voting Rights in England Change between 1832-1928
Parliament expanded the representation of people voting by getting rid of the requirement or own property, eventually winning rights for all men to vote and later on women
Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill
Like realpolitik, instead of establishing and abiding by rules based on morals, a philosophy that seeked to be practical and still benefit as many people as possible
Karl Marx
(Scientific) socialist who criticized capitalism for causing more poverty and misery despite its profits and wanted to see great change
Communist Manifesto
Pamphlet published by Karl Marc and Friedrich Engels critiquing capitalism
Social Classes According to Karl Marx
The proletariat (working class who did all the hard dangerous work but barely got paid) and the Bourgeoisie (middle class and investors who owned machinery/factories/means of production and gained the most wealth)
Change between Societies before and after the 1750-1900s/Industrial Era
Before, communities were based on agriculture and often consisted of a serf/servant class, then large poor class, then merchants/artisans, and at the top property owners while afterwards, they were based on manufacturing and consisted of a large working class, then the middle class (not as dangerous jobs like lawyers/teachers and kids went to school) and at the top, land and factory owners
Communism vs. Socialism
While socialism states that workers should own the factory since they do the hard work and they should distribute their profit fairly rather than an employer being in charge and gaining the most wealth, communism extended to all classes and wanted to end separation between them, treating everyone in society (outside of just a factory/workplace) equal. However, both sought to distribute profits equally against who should rightfully get the rewards.
Mahmud II’s Attempts to Reform the Ottoman Empire
Abolished feudal system, created new army based off European ones, taxes went to the central government and then paid military officers, builds roads/postal service, ended corruption in gov., built more schools (some specialized), made laws to make business for foreigners easier, and Hatt-i Humayun
Name of Mahmud’s Reform
Tanzimat (Reorganization)
Hatt-i Humayun (Ottoman Reform Edict)
Edict regarding the legal system, equalizing all people regardless of their education, religion, or ethnicity. Also regulated millets (separate legal courts for different religious communities to abide by their beliefs)
The privileges of women compared to those given to men were [equal/unqueal]
Unequal; most industrial jobs went to men and women were no longer allowed to distribute their property or money through trusts to family members
Did everyone respond positively to Tanzimat?
No, Christians and Muslims both revolted because they felt that the regulations on their millets challenged their autonomy or went against their traditions, values, and practices
Name of China’s Reform Movement
Self-Strengthening Movement
Goals/Accomplishments of the Self-Strengthening Movement
To deal with internal and external problems confronting China; they established a way of collecting revenue through taxes on imports and exports, advancing military technology/readiness, and training Chinese artisans in manufacturing shipyard/arsenal products.
Hundred Days Reform
A reform in the days of Emperor Guangxu encouraged by Kang Youwei after China lost the Sino-Japanese war including getting rid of the civil service exam, corruption, and establishing industrial, commercial systems however was intercepted by Empress Cixi.
Did Empress Cixi support the Hundred Days of Reform? Why or why not?
Empress Cixi did not support the Hundred Days of Reform because she wanted to hold onto traditions such as the civil service exam and feared foreign influences, leading to her imprisoning the emperor and repealing his reforms.
Who resisted industrial reform in Japan?
Ex-samurais
Genros
A position in the government many ex-samurais took after the dissolving of the position as elder statesmen.
What do Turkey, China, and Japan have in common?
They all dealt with conservatism at some point in their reformation
Most successful country at reforming (between Turkey, China, and Japan)
Japan
Result of terrible working conditions on industrial societies
Reformations occurred to change society for the better. Labor unions appeared in multiple countries such as England to bring change to multiple groups of people. They worked together with reformists and social activists to abolish child labor and instead put them into school in order to educate them and give them a better future while the working class, despite being at the bottom of the social hierarchy also received better conditions thanks to the upbringings caused by terrible working conditions such as minimum wage and a limit on how long they worked each week.
