Section 5.8 - Reactions to the Industrial Economy

Question 1

Working Conditions during the Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

Inhumane, dangerous, and unsanitary, utilizing child labor and exploitation through low wages and long hours

Question 2

Sadler Report

Answer 2

A study by the British Parliament on factory working conditions, bringing attention to how it needed to change

Question 3

Workers’ Responses to Poor Working Conditions

Answer 3

They formed labor unions to rebel (go on strike) and bargain with their employers for better working conditions

Question 4

Labor Union

Answer 4

Organizations of workers advocating for the right to bargain with employers and finalize it with a contract (connection to John Locke and the people’s right to revolt against a government that did not exist for them)

Question 5

Effect of Labor Unions

Answer 5

Improvement in workers’ lives through minimum wage, limits on the numbers of hours worked, paid overtime, five-day workweek, and abolishment of child labor also thanks to social activists and reformers

Question 6

How did Voting Rights in England Change between 1832-1928

Answer 6

Parliament expanded the representation of people voting by getting rid of the requirement or own property, eventually winning rights for all men to vote and later on women

Question 7

Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill

Answer 7

Like realpolitik, instead of establishing and abiding by rules based on morals, a philosophy that seeked to be practical and still benefit as many people as possible

Question 8

Karl Marx

Answer 8

(Scientific) socialist who criticized capitalism for causing more poverty and misery despite its profits and wanted to see great change

Question 9

Communist Manifesto

Answer 9

Pamphlet published by Karl Marc and Friedrich Engels critiquing capitalism

Question 10

Social Classes According to Karl Marx

Answer 10

The proletariat (working class who did all the hard dangerous work but barely got paid) and the Bourgeoisie (middle class and investors who owned machinery/factories/means of production and gained the most wealth)

Question 11

Change between Societies before and after the 1750-1900s/Industrial Era

Answer 11

Before, communities were based on agriculture and often consisted of a serf/servant class, then large poor class, then merchants/artisans, and at the top property owners while afterwards, they were based on manufacturing and consisted of a large working class, then the middle class (not as dangerous jobs like lawyers/teachers and kids went to school) and at the top, land and factory owners

Question 12

Communism vs. Socialism

Answer 12

While socialism states that workers should own the factory since they do the hard work and they should distribute their profit fairly rather than an employer being in charge and gaining the most wealth, communism extended to all classes and wanted to end separation between them, treating everyone in society (outside of just a factory/workplace) equal. However, both sought to distribute profits equally against who should rightfully get the rewards.

Question 13

Mahmud II’s Attempts to Reform the Ottoman Empire

Answer 13

Abolished feudal system, created new army based off European ones, taxes went to the central government and then paid military officers, builds roads/postal service, ended corruption in gov., built more schools (some specialized), made laws to make business for foreigners easier, and Hatt-i Humayun

Question 14

Name of Mahmud’s Reform

Answer 14

Tanzimat (Reorganization)

Question 15

Hatt-i Humayun (Ottoman Reform Edict)

Answer 15

Edict regarding the legal system, equalizing all people regardless of their education, religion, or ethnicity. Also regulated millets (separate legal courts for different religious communities to abide by their beliefs)

Question 16

The privileges of women compared to those given to men were [equal/unqueal]

Answer 16

Unequal; most industrial jobs went to men and women were no longer allowed to distribute their property or money through trusts to family members

Question 17

Did everyone respond positively to Tanzimat?

Answer 17

No, Christians and Muslims both revolted because they felt that the regulations on their millets challenged their autonomy or went against their traditions, values, and practices

Question 18

Name of China’s Reform Movement

Answer 18

Self-Strengthening Movement

Question 19

Goals/Accomplishments of the Self-Strengthening Movement

Answer 19

To deal with internal and external problems confronting China; they established a way of collecting revenue through taxes on imports and exports, advancing military technology/readiness, and training Chinese artisans in manufacturing shipyard/arsenal products.

Question 20

Hundred Days Reform

Answer 20

A reform in the days of Emperor Guangxu encouraged by Kang Youwei after China lost the Sino-Japanese war including getting rid of the civil service exam, corruption, and establishing industrial, commercial systems however was intercepted by Empress Cixi.

Question 21

Did Empress Cixi support the Hundred Days of Reform? Why or why not?

Answer 21

Empress Cixi did not support the Hundred Days of Reform because she wanted to hold onto traditions such as the civil service exam and feared foreign influences, leading to her imprisoning the emperor and repealing his reforms.

Question 22

Who resisted industrial reform in Japan?

Answer 22

Ex-samurais

Question 23

Genros

Answer 23

A position in the government many ex-samurais took after the dissolving of the position as elder statesmen.

Question 24

What do Turkey, China, and Japan have in common?

Answer 24

They all dealt with conservatism at some point in their reformation

Question 25

Most successful country at reforming (between Turkey, China, and Japan)

Answer 25

Japan

Question 26

Result of terrible working conditions on industrial societies

Answer 26

Reformations occurred to change society for the better. Labor unions appeared in multiple countries such as England to bring change to multiple groups of people. They worked together with reformists and social activists to abolish child labor and instead put them into school in order to educate them and give them a better future while the working class, despite being at the bottom of the social hierarchy also received better conditions thanks to the upbringings caused by terrible working conditions such as minimum wage and a limit on how long they worked each week.