Unit 5.1 - The Enlightment

Question 1

Individualism

Answer 1

The belief that emphasizes the value of an individual and their accomplishments

Question 2

The Enlightenment

Answer 2

An intellectual movement that challenged old sources of authority like the church and emphasized reason and individualism over tradition

Question 3

Ideals of the Enlightenment

Answer 3

Human reasoning over spiritual teaching, all spiritual problems can be solved using human reasoning, freedom, self-determination, and natural laws (things true of all people)

Question 4

How did Enlightenment thinkers view God?

Answer 4

They did not deny the existence of God but wanted to bring more emphasis on individuals

Question 5

Nationalism

Answer 5

A feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture

Question 6

What did nationalism threaten?

Answer 6

All of Europe’s multiethnic empires

Question 7

What spheres of life did Enlightenment and Nationalism impact?

Answer 7

Social and political spheres. It impacted political revolution, economic systems, 1st Wave Feminism, and the (Slave) Abolition Movement

Question 8

New ideas vs. old political structures led to…

Answer 8

revolutions with the goals to gain independence from imperial powers and have representation within the government. It caused breakups of empires and the formation of new governments.

Question 9

Social Contract

Answer 9

An agreement between a group of people and their government

Question 10

Empiricism (Francis Bacon)

Answer 10

The belief that knowledge comes from what you sense and observe during experiences and experiments rather than principles taught by tradition/religion

Question 11

Thomas Hobbe

Answer 11

Enlightenment thinker who believed that people were naturally bleak/bad, their lives were short and nasty, and they should give up some rights (through a social contract) to a strong central government in return for law and order.

Question 12

John Locke

Answer 12

Enlightenment thinker who believed that it was the responsibility and right of the people to revolt against an unjust government and everyone had a right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of property

Question 13

Tabula Rasa / Blank Slate

Answer 13

A person’s intelligence, personality, and fate are based on their education, not ancestry

Question 14

Philosophes

Answer 14

Thinkers and writers of the 18th century who explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways, populating the concepts of Enlightenment thinkers

Question 15

Montesquieu

Answer 15

Influenced the American government/separation of power by praising Britain’s gov. for having a Parliament to keep power in check

Question 16

Voltaire

Answer 16

Known for his social satire Candide, he influenced the U.S. constitution through ideas of religious liberty that came from his time in England and their civil rights

Question 17

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 17

Inspired many revolutions through his concept of General Will and a sovereign’s obligation to carry it out

Question 18

Adam Smith

Answer 18

The father of capitalism

Question 19

Capitalism

Answer 19

Using the idea “laissez-faire”, which said that the government should stay out of economic decisions, it is an economic system that states that means of production like factories and natural resources are privately owned and operated for profit

Question 20

Deism

Answer 20

The belief that God created the Earth but then stepped back, not interfering with everything happening in it

Question 21

Thomas Paine

Answer 21

Popular for his book Common Sense, advocating freedom from Britain during the American Revolution, his support of Deism and anti-church writings lowered it

Question 22

Medieval scholasticism

Answer 22

Reason used to defend faith through writing and debating

Question 23

Renaissance humanism

Answer 23

Emphasized human achievements, secularism (separation of religion from the government), and individuals

Question 24

The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment (what did they emphasize/believe in)

Answer 24

Emphasized the use of data and believed in natural rights, progress, and reason

Question 25

Conservatism

Answer 25

A belief and reliance on traditional institutions, sources of power, and rules, opposing change

Question 26

Socialism

Answer 26

An economic and political theory that believed means of production were owned by the public or direct workers

Question 27

Utopian Socialism

Answer 27

Socialists who believed society would benefit by setting up ideal communities

Question 28

Henri de Saint-Simon (Utop. Soc.)

Answer 28

believed that if scientists and engineers worked together with businesses, they would be productive and beautiful places to work

Question 29

Charles Fourier (Utop. Soc.)

Answer 29

Believed that a utopia was living in harmony rather than class struggles

Question 30

Robert Owen (Utop. Soc.)

Answer 30

Established small societies governed by the principles of utopian socialism

Question 31

Fabian Society

Answer 31

Socialists who favored changing society through the Parliament

Question 32

Classical Liberalism

Answer 32

The belief in natural rights, Enlightenment thoughts like a constitutional government, and wanted to purse changes that adapted to changing societies in order to ensure equal representation of all people

Question 33

Feminism

Answer 33

Inspired by the Enlightenment, the movement for rights and equality for women

Question 34

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 34

A feminist who argued in her work A Vindication of the Rights of Women that women needed to receive the same education as males in order to be successful and independent

Question 35

In this location, feminists met to promote…

Answer 35

Seneca Falls, New York; to promote women’s rights and suffrage

Question 36

This feminist declared that men and women were…

Answer 36

Elizabeth Cady Stanton; that all men and women were created equal and they deserved the right to vote, hold office/property, manage their incomes, and be the legal guardians of their children

Question 37

Abolitionism

Answer 37

The ending of slavery

Question 38

What was the last country to abolish slavery? Which continued to increase in number of slaves even after the ending of slave trade?

Answer 38

Brazil in 1888; the U.S.

Question 39

What caused serfdom to decline?

Answer 39

The change in society and economy from an agrarian society to an manufacturing industrial society and peasant revolts

Question 40

Zionism

Answer 40

the desire of the Jew’s to have a homeland of their own

Question 41

Anti-Semitism

Answer 41

hostility and harassment towards Jews simply for their religion.

Question 42

Dreyfus Affair

Answer 42

A case between a Jewish military officer and France due to being accused of treason because of forged documents by people promoting anti-Semitism; brought attention to the problem

Question 43

Theodor Herzi

Answer 43

An Austro-Hungarian Jew who led the movement to acquire the Jews a homeland (Israel)