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9th Social Studies > Unit 5: Revolutions > Flashcards

Unit 5: Revolutions Flashcards

1
Q

Enlightenment

A

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700’s and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the Enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion.

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2
Q

Socialism

A

Worker owns the means of production. Seeks greater equality by creating a more equal distribution of wealth.

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3
Q

Liberalism

A

Belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics

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4
Q

Deism

A

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn’t involved in people’s lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

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5
Q

Empiricism

A

Knowledge comes from your senses

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6
Q

Nationalism

A

Feeling of intense loyalty to others who share language or culture; idea those who share a culture should have their own independent nation (will lead to more modern states)

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7
Q

Feminism

A

Movement for women’s rights and equality

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8
Q

Communism

A

A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

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9
Q

Capitalism

A

Means of production are privately owned and operated for profit

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10
Q

Natural Rights

A

rights granted to all people by nature or God that cannot be denied or restricted by any government or individual; are often said to be granted to people by “natural law.” Often discussed by Enlightenment thinker John Locke

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11
Q

Social Contract

A

The people give the government power. In return, the government protects the people. Should the government fail, the people may overthrow the government.

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12
Q

John Locke (3)

A

Natural rights. Social contract. No divine right.

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13
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Believed life could be made better by giving away some rights to a strong government to improve life and have law and order.
Believed in the power of a strong Monarchy

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14
Q

Wealth of Nations

A

British philosopher and writer Adam Smith’s 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.The Wealth of Nations encouraged ideas of
Capitalism and Laissez - Faire Economics

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15
Q

Laissez-faire economics

A

hands off approach to economic development; the government should limit its interference in the economy

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16
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A

Adopted August 26, 1789, statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

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17
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

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18
Q

French Revolution

A

Economic issues (high government spending) and lack of political representation led to calls for change. The king refused limited monarchy, so radical groups helped establish the First French Republic in 1792. After more fighting and more fighting and even more fighting, Napoleon Bonaparte takes over and declares himself emperor of France in 1804, where he will continue to impact France and the rest of Europe until his defeat at Waterloo.

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19
Q

Reign of Terror

A

(1793-1794) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for “disloyalty;” led by Robespierre who tried rebels and had them executed often by guillotine

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20
Q

Haitian Revolution

A

Uprising of slaves and escaped slaves (Maroons) against masters and revolution for independence from France. Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture and then Jean-Jacques Dessalines.
The first country in Latin America to win independence (which inspires more).

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21
Q

What did the French and Haitian Revolutions have in common? (2)

A

Encouraged by Enlightenment ideas that said men had natural rights. Felt restricted by social classes (estates)

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22
Q

Peninsulares

A

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class in Latin America since they were the least likely to have “tainted bloodlines”

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23
Q

Creoles

A

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

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24
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women; wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, a famous feminist document in 1792

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25
Q

Jamaica Letter

A

A was a document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views on the independence movement in Venezuela and the way the government under the way they tried to operate.

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26
Q

Creole Revolutions

A

Creoles had economic, political, and tensions with Spanish rule; various revolutions occur, many in South America, leading to independence in areas.
Though successful in independence, socially the legacy of the castas (ethnic divisions) remain as well as little rights for women,

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27
Q

Abolitionism

A

Movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people

28
Q

Conservatism

A

Belief in traditional institutions, favors practical experience not theories

29
Q

Zionism

A

Desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland in the Middle East (where ancestors had lived); way to be safe against persecution by owning own land

30
Q

Italy: Unification Movement

A

Count di Cavour wanted to unite the Italian Peninsula rather than let it remain divided and broken up. Using realpolitik (practical politics of reality) he manipulated Napoleon III of France into a war with Austria, hoping to weaken Austrian power over the Italian Peninsula. This allowed alliances and unification on the peninsula due to popular referendum (vote).

31
Q

Germany: Unification Movement

A

Otto von Bismarck (also liked realpolitik) and wanted to further the nationalism taking place in Germany; so he engineered three wars involving Prussia, finally defeating France in the Franco-Prussian War (1870), allowing him to take territories won in the wars and form the new German Empire.

32
Q

Realpolitik

A

Practical politics, ends justified the means, power more important than principles; utilized by Otto von Bismarck to unify Germany

33
Q

Ottoman Empire: Unification Movement

A

Wanted to become a more modern, unified state through Ottomanism: minimizing ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences across the empire. This actually led to more division than unity.

34
Q

First Industrial Revolution (3)

A

Textiles, steam power, iron

35
Q

Second Industrial Revolution (4)

A

Steel, chemicals, precision machinery, electronics

36
Q

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England? (7)

A
  • Proximity to waterways; access to rivers and canals
  • Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber
  • Urbanization
  • Improved agricultural productivity
  • Legal protection of private property
  • Access to foreign resources
  • Accumulation of capital
37
Q

Tanzimat Reforms

A

Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876

38
Q

American Revolution

A

To combat economic and political tension, colonists, along with French help, defeat the British in 1783 to gain independence

39
Q

Who had state-sponsored industrialization? (3)

A

Russia, Japan, Egypt.

40
Q

Corporations

A

Business chartered by government as a legal entity owned by stockholders; minimizes risk for manufacturers

41
Q

Monopoly

A

Control of specific business and elimination of all competition by a single corporation (ex. Rockefeller’s oil industry in the US)

42
Q

Transnational Companies

A

Operate across national boundaries, typically gain money and influence in regions where they can pay workers less or gain raw resources

43
Q

What class is created by the Industrial Revolution?

A

Middle class

44
Q

Self-Strengthening Movement

A

A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese under the Qing Dynasty attempted to modernize their army and encourage Western investment in factories and railways

45
Q

How did living standards improve during the Industrial Revolution?

A

Middle and upper classes can spend disposable income on nonessential goods, which leads to more advertising and production (like bikes)

46
Q

How did living standards decline during the Industrial Revolution? (4)

A

Lower class workers living in urban areas faced inhumane conditions
Tenement buildings and slums built quickly: dangerous (fire, crime), polluted (water), diseased (open sewers!, spread of sickness) Lower working class seen as replaceable, so jobs were dangerous and wages low. Hours were long and working class families typically didn’t see each other

47
Q

Proletariat

A

Marx’s term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

48
Q

End of Serfdom

A

Most important reform of Russian Czar Alexander II; 1861-1865

49
Q

Simon Bolivar

A

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

50
Q

Toussaint L’ouverture

A

Was an important leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free people of color and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

51
Q

Otto von Bismarck

A

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) in order to create a sense of national unity; assisted German unification in 1871

52
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in England c. 1750

53
Q

Cottage Industry

A

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution; work was highly skilled and valued

54
Q

Enclosure Movement

A

Consolidation and privatization of small landholdings/common lands into a smaller number of large farms in England c. 1700; contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization as farmers were displaced and needed to find work in the cities

55
Q

Steam Engine

A

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

56
Q

Muhammad Ali

A

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

57
Q

Meiji Restoration

A

In 1868, a Japanese state-sponsored industrialization and Westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.

58
Q

Urbanization

A

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in cities as opposed to the countryside.

59
Q

Karl Marx

A

Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

60
Q

Labor Union

A

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members; popularized after worker exploitation common after the Industrial Revolution

61
Q

Bourgeoise

A

The middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

62
Q

What countries formed as a result of nationalism? (4)

A

Italy and Germany were both unified due to nationalistic leaders and means. Haiti. France (after the French Revolution).

63
Q

How did Haiti form as a result of nationalism?

A

Haiti formed as a result of nationalism through the Haitian Revolution, a successful slave rebellion fueled by a desire for freedom and self-determination among enslaved people in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti). This revolution, driven by a shared identity and a collective desire for independence from French colonial rule, exemplifies the power of nationalism in shaping historical events.

64
Q

How was the French Revolution nationalistic?

A

Nationalism fueled the revolution by fostering a shared sense of identity and purpose, ultimately leading to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic. The revolutionaries used nationalist ideas to challenge the legitimacy of the monarchy and the aristocracy. They argued that the nation, represented by the people, should have the ultimate authority, not the king or the privileged few.

65
Q

How was Italy’s unification nationalistic?

A

The movement was driven by a shared sense of Italian identity and a desire to create a unified nation-state. The Italian people fought a series of wars and united their peninsula into one country, the Kingdom of Italy

66
Q

How was Germany’s unification nationalistic?

A

Bismarck strategically used the threat of external enemies, particularly France, to unite the German states against a common foe. He skillfully used nationalist sentiment to rally support for the wars that ultimately led to German unification. He presented these wars as necessary for defending German interests and achieving national unity

9th Social Studies (11 decks)

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