Unit 2: Growth of Trade

Question 1

Mongolian Army (4)

Answer 1

Highly Trained. Efficient with command structures. Used advance military tactics like the fake out to trick enemies. Incorporated technologies of conquered people into their arsenal (Siege weapons from China)

Question 2

Pax Mongolica

Answer 2

(Mongol Peace) is the term used to refer to the time of economic, social, and cultural growth and stability under the Mongol rule.

Question 3

What are three good things the Mongols did?

Answer 3

Practiced religious tolerance. Took from the cultures they conquered. Promoted commerce and trade.

Question 4

Mongols and the Silk Road

Answer 4

During Mongol rule, the “third golden age of the Silk Road” took place. They improved roads, punished bandits, enforced laws, respected merchants, and actively patrolled trade routes leading to great growth on the Silk Road.

Question 5

Batu and the Golden Horde (west): What was it and where did they go? How did they rule? What happened next? What did it encourage this conquered place to do?

Answer 5

One of Genghis Khan’s grandsons. Batu took his army, which was known as the Golden Horde, into Russia, a Christian nation. Europe wasn’t happy about this, but they weren’t able to defeat him. So, the Mongols ruled Russia through a tribute system, but Russian leaders eventually overthrew them. Mongol rule encouraged Russia to improve military organization and establish more centralized rule.

Question 6

Hulegu and the Islamic Heartlands (southwest): How did they rule? What religion did they convert to? Who were they defeated by?

Answer 6

Established the Il - khanate in Muslim territory. Ruled through tribute, indirectly. Converted to Islam. Defeated by Muslim Mamluks and Christian Crusaders.

Question 7

Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty: Who did they defeat? Why did people like theme? Why did people eventually not like them? Who overthrew them?

Answer 7

Defeated the Song Dynasty - but wanted to keep traditional Chinese styles of government, so established the Yuan Dynasty. Religiously tolerant - increased loyalty by Daoists and Buddhists
Despite being initially liked by the Chinese, their hiring of foreigners, the dismantling of the civil service exam, and failure to assimilate led the White Lotus Society to eventually rebel and overthrow Mongol rule resulting in the Ming Dynasty.

Question 8

What led to Mongolian decline?

Answer 8

Waring Khans and general resistance

Question 9

Benefits of the Mongols (4)

Answer 9

Revitalized long distance trade and built a system of roads that connected new places resulting in interregional cultural exchange
Scientific Knowledge exchanged with China. Chinese paper, Islamic medical knowledge ,and the Arabic numbering system went West.
Understood centralized power - one law to rule the land.
Improved siege and military technology.

Question 10

What led to the third golden age of the Silk Road? (3)

Answer 10

An increased demand for luxury goods in Europe caused by Christian Crusades. Improved transportation technology. Unification and protection under the Mongol empire.

Question 11

What were some improved transportation technologies that led to the third golden age of the Silk Road? (5)

Answer 11

The magnetic compass . Travel Caravans. Invention of travel saddles. The Chinese invention of the rudder and Junk boat.

Question 12

What were Kashgar and Samarkand?

Answer 12

Large trade cities along the Silk Road. Without trade, they likely wouldn’t have become prosperous. They served as rest stops as well as locations for cultural exchange.

Question 13

What were caravanserai? What were their effect?

Answer 13

Inns on the Silk Road - grew leading to further cultural and technological exchange along the silk road.

Question 14

What did Europe’s higher demand of luxury goods lead to?

Answer 14

Increased production and supply of those goods boosting the Asian and European economies.

Question 15

Money Economy

Answer 15

As a result of long distance trade, China developed a Money Economy to replace it’s bartering economy. Made long distance trade easier.

Question 16

Flying Cash

Answer 16

Coins quickly became too heavy so a new form of credit called flying cash was introduced. Merchants could deposit paper money at one location and pull it out in another.

Question 17

Banking House

Answer 17

Precursor to modern banking that China utilized to help manage finances and money from trade

Question 18

Bill of Exchange

Answer 18

Issued by a banker in one city to a merchant who could exchange it for cash in a distant city, thus freeing him from traveling with gold, which was easily stolen

Question 19

What maritime technological advances aided Indian Ocean trade? (4)

Answer 19

Understanding on Monsoon winds. Lateen (triangle) sail. Stern Rudders. Astrolabe Chinese Junks

Question 20

Indian Ocean Trade

Answer 20

Connected to Europe, Africa, South Asia, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion, spread of goods, ideas

Question 21

What types of goods did Indian Ocean trade do and why?

Answer 21

More common goods because maritime trade was cheaper than land trade

Question 22

What type of goods did the following trade in Indian Ocean Trade: India, Malaysia/Indonesia (Spice Islands), Swahili Coastal Cities, China, Southwest Asia

Answer 22

India: Cotton, leather, stonework, spices
Spice Islands: Spices (cinnamon and nutmeg)
Swahili Coastal Cities: Ivory, gold, slaves
China: Silks and porcelains
Southwest Asia: Horses, figs, dates

Question 23

What effect did monsoon winds have on Indian Ocean trade?

Answer 23

Helped merchants understand when and where to travel across the Ocean. This knowledge resulted in merchants staying in places longer than they had before, sometimes establishing diasporic communities.

Question 24

Diasporic Communities

Answer 24

Groups of people who have moved away from their original country but still maintain a connection to their heritage and homeland

Question 25

What are three important diasporic communities?

Answer 25

Arab and Persian communities in East Africa.
Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia.
Malaysian communities in the Indian Ocean Basin

Question 26

Malacca

Answer 26

Muslim city-state that grew powerful because of revenue from trade. By charging each boat a tax to pass through the strait (narrow stretch of water), Malacca became wealthy.

Question 27

Calicut

Answer 27

Indian massive trade port where people came in search of spices like pepper

Question 28

Swahili City-States

Answer 28

City-states on the east Coast of Africa became wealthy due to increased trade in gold, ivory, and slaves. Showed syncretism in their language and religion, blending traditional central African beliefs with Islam and Arabic

Question 29

Gujarat

Answer 29

Indian city that was the go-between port for trade between the East and the West, becoming richer through taxes than many entire European states.

Question 30

What was the impact of Islam on Trans-Saharan trade?

Answer 30

After missionaries, Muslim merchants moved into Africa spreading with them an increased desire to trade, Islam, and architecture.

Question 31

What were two Trans-Saharan innovations in trade?

Answer 31

The Somali camel saddle from East Africa allowed camels to carry up to 600 lbs increasing the ability to trade across Africa.
Caravans grew in popularity, making trade safer.

Question 32

Ibn Battuta

Answer 32

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.

Question 33

Marco Polo

Answer 33

Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.

Question 34

Timbuktu

Answer 34

Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning thanks to its location in the trans-Saharan trade networks

Question 35

What did the growth of trade necessitate? What did this lead to?

Answer 35

The growth of government. Currencies were created and militaries were risen.

Question 36

What are the cultural effects of connectivity? (6)

Answer 36

Spread of technology, Growth of cities, Spread of religion, Migration of crops, Environmental degradation, and Spread of plague

Question 37

Spread of Buddhism

Answer 37

Spread to East Asia (China, Korea, Vietnam) from India and found favor with lower classes which Confucianism had previously left out.

Question 38

Spread of Islam (Africa and South Asia)

Answer 38

Africa became a major center of Islam with lots of centers for Islamic learning. Most early African states were Muslim.
In South Asia, the egalitarian beliefs of Islam encouraged lower caste Hindus and disillusioned Buddhists to convert.
The Bhakti movement grows, seeking to find connections between Hinduism and Islam.

Question 39

Spread of Hinduism (plus Buddhism)

Answer 39

Spread to Southeast Asia contributing to the growth of empires like the Khmer empire.

Question 40

The Black Plague

Answer 40

25 million people die in Europe, greatly impacting the labor supply. Economic output in Europe declines.
Everyone’s labor becomes more important and we see an increase in worker rights. European cities decline Feudalism begins to decline as peasant lives improve.

Question 41

Migration of Crops Due to Connectivity

Answer 41

Champa Rice goes from India (possibly) to Vietnam to China. Bananas are introduced to Africa.
Cotton, sugar, and citrus fruits are introduced to the Mediterranean.

Question 42

Environmental Degradation Due to Connectivity

Answer 42

Increased populations put pressure on resources.
Overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion become problems.

Question 43

Spread of Technology: China (2), India (2), Islam, Africa, General (2)

Answer 43

Gunpowder and paper from China. Champa Rice from India to China. Math from India spread around Afro Eurasia. Islamic scholars translated Greek classics like Aristotle into Arabic. In Africa, Swahili developed which allowed trade to spread more easily. Advancements in medicine. Seafaring technology spread making trade easier.

Question 44

What was the effect of the Bubonic Plague on urbanization and social structures?

Answer 44

Not all cities recovered from the plague at the same rate. Some cities permanently collapsed, while others gained in the long run. Cities with better land and trade potential were more likely to recover. The plague also disrupted traditional social structures. The labor shortage allowed peasants and workers to demand better conditions, leading to social mobility and changes in the class system