Unit 4: Transoceanic Connections

Question 1

Omani European rivalry

Answer 1

Portuguese trading forts being challenged by locals.

Question 2

Henry the Navigator

Answer 2

Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa; sponsored seafaring expeditions to search for an all-water route to the east; imported enslaved Africans via the sea

Question 3

Caravel

Answer 3

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic; used for long voyages at great speed from 15th to 17th centuries; used for exploration, not trade

Question 4

Carrack

Answer 4

a large trading merchant ship operating in European waters (especially by the Portuguese) in the 14th to the 17th century.

Question 5

Fluyt

Answer 5

Dutch sailing vessel that allowed them to control the Baltic trade; designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery with max space and crew efficiency; used from 16th to 17th centuries

Question 6

Lateen Sail

Answer 6

Triangle sail that could catch the wind from any direction allowing ships to sail on the ocean.

Question 7

Astrolabe

Answer 7

Taken from Muslim navigators this let sailors determine how far North or South they were from the equator.

Question 8

Mercantilism

Answer 8

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought; colonies were crucial in the accumulation of wealth

Question 9

Vasco da Gama

Answer 9

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route for Europeans

Question 10

What did Portugal do to monopolize trade? Where did they do this?

Answer 10

In order to ensure a monopoly in the Indian Ocean trade, Portugal built armed trading posts around India and Africa.
This made them the first trading post empire - an empire built on trade rather than land.

Question 11

Ferdinand Magellan

Answer 11

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Question 12

Who dominated silver trade?

Answer 12

China

Question 13

Who dominated fur trade?

Answer 13

France

Question 14

How did the French settle? What was their main trading post?

Answer 14

Established Quebec as a French fur trading post. Missionaries tried to convert Natives to Christianity. The French rarely settled permanently. The French simply traded furs trapped by Natives to sell them. Had better relationships with Natives as a result. Settlements grew more slowly that British counterparts.

Question 15

Jamestown

Answer 15

First English settlement in 1607. Settled first by joint=stock companies, and later by those seeking religious freedoms. Largely dealt in tobacco.

Question 16

John Cabot

Answer 16

British explorer who went to North America. He aimed to find a sea route to the East going west from Europe. Claimed land in Canada for Britain and established a shorter, more northerly route across the Atlantic than Columbus’ route

Question 17

Christopher Columbus

Answer 17

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Question 18

New Amsterdam

Answer 18

Dutch port that was hugely prosperous because of its location near a major river flowing to the ocean.

Question 19

Henry Hudson

Answer 19

Dutch explorer who sailed up the Hudson River. His explorations led to the Dutch’s claiming of the Hudson River Valley and New Amsterdam.

Question 20

Columbian Exchange: Disease

Answer 20

Amerindians (Native Americans) had NO immunity to European diseases due to centuries of isolation. This resulted in the deaths of 50-90% of indigenous populations due to smallpox, measles, influenza, and malaria. This is one of the greatest population disasters in human history.

Question 21

Columbian Exchange: Animals

Answer 21

Before the C.E., Native Americans ate very little meat. Introduction of new meats like pigs and cows changed American diets.
The horse was also brought to America
Natives could hunt over larger areas leading to a surplus of food. Hostile interactions also increased between tribes. Food surplus allowed natives to focus on art and spirituality more.

Question 22

What foods did Europeans gain through the Columbian Exchange?

Answer 22

Europeans took home corn, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, peppers, and cacao.
Introduction of these new staple dietary foods resulted in massive population increased in Europe.

Question 23

What were the major effects of sugar cultivation? Where did it take place?

Answer 23

Sugar really kickstarts triangular trade and the forced migration of slaves into the new world. Sugar cultivation in Brazil required the constant important of slaves from the Kongo and Swahili coast. Sugar soon eclipses silver as the main money maker for Europe in the new world. Tobacco soon follows.

Question 24

African Diaspora: What was it? How did it effect the Americas?

Answer 24

The forced movement of African people. Some African languages were combined with colonizer languages. Music came to the new world and was used a means of survival under harsh conditions. Food greatly influenced North American cuisine.

Question 25

Trading Posts in Africa

Answer 25

Trading posts were set up in Africa by the Portuguese and then other European powers after Prince Henry the navigator traveled around Africa. Some African rulers realized there was a military advantage to exchanging guns for slaves and grew wealthy

Question 26

China and Trade

Answer 26

Ming Dynasty worked to limit outside influence by restricting trade. Believed they were superior to the rest of the world.
Prohibited foreign trade. Destroyed dockyards and limited the size of ships.
Reconstructed the Great Wall

Question 27

What’s the relationship between silver in the Western Hemisphere and Asian markets?

Answer 27

European countries extracted silver in the Americas through slave labor. Much of the silver was then shipped to Europe and then traded to Asia, especially China. China had a high demand for silver, as it was even used as their currency.

Question 28

Why would mercantilism would make you upset if you live on a small colonial island?

Answer 28

Economic Exploitation. Under mercantilism, colonies were primarily seen as sources of raw materials. This meant that small colonial islands were often exploited for their resources without fair compensation.

Question 29

Encomienda

Answer 29

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Question 30

What system did the Spanish use to enslave Native Americans?

Answer 30

Encomienda System

Question 31

Why did the Encomienda system fail?

Answer 31

Native American populations dwindled due to disease, overexertion, and resistance movements.

Question 32

What did the failure of the Encomienda System lead to?

Answer 32

Transatlantic Slave Trade

Question 33

British East India Company

Answer 33

A British joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Question 34

Spain vs. Portugal

Answer 34

Had tensions in the new world. The Pope helped divide the Americas between them in the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. Line went through S. America - Spain got all to the West and Portugal got the East including Brazil.

Question 35

Mita System

Answer 35

Economic system in Inca society where people paid taxes with their labor and what they produced; later exploited by the Spanish as they forced Incas to mine silver

Question 36

Northwest Passage

Answer 36

A European-sought sea route connecting the Atlantic to the Pacific. The Europeans sought it for trade purposes.

Question 37

Hacienda

Answer 37

Spanish estates in the Americas that were often plantations. They often represent the gradual removal of land from peasant ownership and a type of feudalistic order where the owners of would have agreements of loyalty but would retain control over the actual land. This continued into the 20th century.

Question 38

Joint-Stock Company

Answer 38

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company’s profits and debts; used by European rulers to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade

Question 39

Dutch East India Company

Answer 39

Government Dutch-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

Question 40

Triangular Trade

Answer 40

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s whereby Africa sent slaves to the Americas, the Americas sent raw materials to Europe, and Europe sent guns and rum to Africa in exchange for slaves

Question 41

Vodun

Answer 41

Or voodoo is a New World syncretic faith that combines the animist faiths of West Africa with Roman Catholic Christianity; evidence of the syncretism created when European and African beliefs merged in the Americas

Question 42

Fronde

Answer 42

In France. Nobles, whose power had been weakened, rebelled against King Louis XIV - they lost. (Internal)

Question 43

Haitian Revolution

Answer 43

Haitian slaves against the French empire. (External)
Only successful slave revolution - freedom was won by force.

Question 44

Pueblo Revolt

Answer 44

Against the Spanish in modern New Mexico.
Pueblo and Apache natives against the Spanish.
Natives were initially successful, killing 400 Spaniards and pushing them out of the region.
Spanish conquered the area in 1692. (External)

Question 45

Ana Nzinga’s Rebellion

Answer 45

African ruler Ana Nzinga aligned with Portugal to try and protect her kingdom from neighboring kingdoms and the slave trade. The alliance fell apart and Nzinga fled West establishing Matamba.
She incited rebellion in Ndongo, allied with the Dutch, and freed runaway slaves. She resisted Portuguese rule and ruled for decades.

Question 46

Glorious Revolution

Answer 46

Catholic James I of England was anti-protestant which made people mad.
Protestants invited the nephew and son in law of James I, William of Orange and his wife Mary II, to invade England.
They were protestant and agreed. The Glorious Revolution strengthened the power of Parliament.
It was bloodless, but tensions in Europe over religion and rule continued.

Question 47

Trading Post Empire

Answer 47

Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples; practiced by Europeans in the Indian Ocean as they took over trade from Arab and Muslim merchants