Unit 5 review Flashcards
Botulin
Neurotoxin that blocks neuromuscular conduction
CP and torticollis
IM
dry mouth
Baclofen
Muscle relaxer for spastic CP
mechansim unknown
oral or intrathecally
central acting skeletal muscle relaxer for CP
Corticosteroids
antiinflammatory and autoimmune
duchesne MD
Myasthenia gravis
Must taper it down
Benzodiazepines
adjunct relief for skeletal muscle spasms for CP
1st line treatment for hyperthyroidism
methimazole (MTZ, Tapazole) or PTU propythlthiouracil
Adjuct therapy with inderal, a B-adrenergic blocker if marked symptoms
Cholinergic crisis
occurs from over meds of anticholinergic meds for myasthenia gravis
Severe muscle weakness (possible affecting respiratory), sweat, increase salivation, bradycardia, hypotension.
Wear medical alert bracelet
Autoimmune neuromuscular disorders
Dermatomyositis: muscles and tissues; often from virus or meds, genetics, more in girls 5-14
Guillain-Barre: peripheral nervous system is attacked, but doesn’t affect brain or spinal cord. Inflammation and demyelinization of nerves. Triggered from flu like respiratory infection or acute gastroenteritis with fever. Paralysis, resp involvement, numbness and tingling, severe muscle weakness, quick onset, bottom to top, 2-4 week course. Plasma exchange, IVIG, corticosteroids
Myasthenia gravis: genetic, thru birth, in childhood. No cure. Progressive weakness and fatigue of skeletal muscle. Crisis is a medical emergency Sudden resp distress, dysphagia, dysarthria, ptosis, dipllopia, tachycardia, anxiety, rapid increasing muscle weakness. Too much anticholinergics may cause it. Prevent resp problems, promote nutrition, wear bracelet
3 types SMA spinal muscular atrophy
1: Werdnig-Hoffman: birth - 6 months, general weakness, can’t sit, weak cry, poor suck, weak swallow and breathing. Progress to early death. Ventilators, enteral feeding
2. Intermediate: 6-18 months, proximal muscles more affected, resp muscles, scoliosis, slower progress, survive to adult with respiratory status being maintained
3: Kugelberg-Welander disease-juvenile SMA, after 18 months, taken at least 5 steps, weakness in shoulder, hip, thigh, upper back, resp may be involved, scoliosis, slow progression, walking usually maintained until adolescence.
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
SCFE femoral head dislocates from the neck and shaft of femur at epiphyseal plate. males 11-16, African, obese
Acute: cant bear weight, pain sudden
Chronic: pain and limp
decreased ROM, external rotation of hip, DO NOT perform passive motion
Childhood FX
Plastic or bowing deformity, bone not broke
Buckle fx: compression,
Greenstick, incomplete, most common in childhood (wrist and forearm)
Complete: broke in two
Spiral: most common abuse fx (femur, humerus, rib)
Osteomyelitis
infection bone and tissue
staph aureus
bacteria from blood invades bone or joints
aspiration and culture (4-6 wks of abx)
pain, swelling, warm joints, decreased ROM, possible fever
Septic Arthritis
bacteria invade the joints, usually hip and knee.
From blood, puncture, injection, venipuncture, wound, surgery, injury, staph aureus
Medical emergency: joint cartilage deteriorates, AVN,
Sudden onset of fever, moderate to severe pain
Predisposing factors: resp infection, otitis media, skin or tissue infection, traumatic puncture wounds, femoral venipuncture,
hypoglycemia
Poor feed, jittery, lethargy, high pitched weak cry, apnea, cyanosis, seizures, may by asymptomatic,
Newborn: rosy cheeks, ruddy skin, short neck, buffalo hump, massive shoulders, distended abdomen, Increased subQ fat, listless, hypotonia, apathy, poor feed, apnea, low O2, cyanosis, temp instable, pallor, sweat, tremors, irritable, seizures
Med for Diabetes Insipidus
DDAVP, vasopressin
Intranasal, PO, SubQ q8-12 hrs, dose depends on urine specific gravity 1.010, age and output, keep in fridge, clear nostrils, repeat if sneeze, overdose: confusion, headache, drowsy, rapid wt gain.
Maintain and monitor fluids, daily wt, monitor for dehydration, monitor BP close, notify doc if urine > 1000ml per hour twice in row, if fluids are stopped, could lead to hypernatremia and seizures
Precocious puberty
before age 9 for boys
before age 6 for african girls
before age 7 for white girls
If med is stopped, puberty will occur again
Treat child like age, not what they look like.
Slow it with Depo-provera injections, Cycrin tablets
Central puberty: most common, release of GnRH prematurly > release of LH and FSH > gonads release sex hormones.
Peripheral puberty is just early overproduction of sex hormones
Hyperthyroidism
Nervous-anxiety diarrhea heat intolerance wt loss smooth velvety skin increased rate of growth
Hypothyroidism
Tired constipation cold intolerance wt gain dry thick skin, edema of face decreased growth
Rapid acting insulin
15; 30-90; 3-5 hrs
Aspart-novolog
Lispro-humalog
Glulsine-apidra
Short acting insulin
30-60; 2-4; 5-8
Regular-Humilin R, Novolin R
Intermediate acting insulin
1-3, 2-4, 10-16
NPH-Humilin N, Novolin N
Often mixed with regular
Long acting insulin
1-2; none; 6-24
Glargine-Lantus
Detemir-Levemir
Do not mix
Drugs through tracheal tube during emergency
LEAN
Lidocaine–antidysrythmic
Epinephrine - adreneric, increases HR and systemic vascular resistance
Atropine - anticholinergic, increases, CO, dries secretions
Naloxone - anagonist action of narcotics
follow by 5 ml of sterile saline and 5 positive pressure ventilations to deliver the drug.
Adult chain of survival
- Hurriedly emergency medical system activation
- Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- Early defibrillation
- Early access to advanced care
- Integrated post cardiac arrest care
Pediatric chain of survival
- Prevention of cardiac arrest and injuries
- Early CPR
- Early access to emergency response system
- Early advanced care/pediatric advanced life support
- Integrated post cardiac arrest care
Pals pneumonic DOPE for when intubated child deteriorates
Displacement of tracheal tube
Obstruction (mucus plug)
Pneumothorax- sudden change, decreased breath sounds and chest expansion, emphysema, drop in HR and BP
Equipment failure: disconnected O2, Leak, Power loss
CO2 monitoring for intubation
Purple-problem, little or no CO2 detected
Tan - think about a problem
Yellow-yes, CO is detected and tube is in trachea
Types of shock
Compensated shock: poor perfusion exists without a decrease in BP
Hypovolemic: most common in children, perfusion decreses and a result of inadequate vascular volume. Vomit, diarrhea, diuretics, heat stroke, blood loss from injury, burns third spacing
Septic: systemic inflammation
Cardiogenic: ineffective pump, the heart, decrease in stroke volume. Heart defects
Distributive: loss in the SVT. neurogenic, anaphylaxis,
Toxic ingestions
S&S of shock
Respiratory distress, grunting, gasping, nasal flaring, tachypnea, increased work of breathing, dark cool extremities, Decreased elasticity, decreased urinary output. Always evaluate the ABCs, initiate CPR if pulseless, 100% O2 via mask
Vascular access
Peripheral IV, cental IV, saphenous vein, intraosseous
Restore fluid volume with isotonic (RL, NS). DO NOT USE DEXTROSE SOLUTIONS > osmotic diuresis, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, ischemic brain injury. Fluid is replaced quickly 100-200ml/kg in initial hours. Goal urine output is 1-2ml/kg/hour
Vasoactive meds: improve CO, dobutamine, epinephrine, dopamine,
Repiratory arrest in children
Upper airway causes: Burnings, croup, epiglottitis, foreign body aspiration, reflux, strangulation, tracheomalacia, vascular ring
Respiratory failure leads to cardiopulmonary arrest. Children are at greater risk than adults because they have smaller airways and underdeveloped immune system, the diminished ability to combat serious respiratory illnesses. They lack coordination, they are susceptible to choking on food and objects, SIDS.
Emergency treatment for respiratory distress
Maintain a patent airway (jaw thrust), provide supplemental oxygen, monitor for changes, assist with ventilation and or intubation, offer support to Child and family.
1 breath every 3-5 seconds, 12-20 per minute
Toxic ingestion
If a child deteriorates quickly without a known cause, suspect toxic ingestion.
ABCs, supportive care, gastric lavage, bowel irrigation, dialysis, charcoal (not for iron overdose)
Respiratory distress syndrome
From a lack of alveolar surfactant and immaturity of the respiratory control center. Premature birth is a risk factor. Grunting, nasil flaring, retractions, seesaw respirations, cyanosis, tachycardia over 150 to 180, crackles, tachypnea over 60, x-rays show ground glass.
Silverman-Anderson 10 is most critical
Postterm newborn
Over 42 weeks gestation
Dry cracked peeling wrinkled skin.
Vernix caesosa and lanugo are limited or absent.
Long thin extremities.
Creases that covers the entire soles of the feet.
Wide-eyed and alert expression.
Abundant hair.
Thin umbilical cord.
Meconium stained skin in fingernails with long nails.
LGA with hypoglycemia
Blood glucose should be greater than 40. Listlessness, hypotonia, apathy, poor feeding, apnea, decrease in 02, cyanosis, temperature instability, pallor and sweating, tremors, irritability, seizures, jittery, lethargy, high-pitched week cry
SGA nursing priority action
Anticipate the need to provide resuscitation as indicated by the condition. Perform frequent blood glucose measurements and give IV glucose if necessary. Obtain weight, length, head circumference. Monitor vitals. Be alert for respiratory changes. Neutral thermal environment. Frequent and early feeding
Common problems associated with preterm birth
Before 37 weeks. Respiratory distress syndrome. Periventricular or intraventricular hemorrhage. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Retinopathy of prematurity. Hyperbilirubinemia, anemia, necrotizing enterocolitis, hypoglycemia, mental and motor delays
Perinatal asphyxia
Newborn fails to establish adequate sustained respirations afterbirth. It results in hypoxia, hypercarbia, in metabolic acidosis.
Early ID is a must. review prenatal hx. Immediate resusciatation is a must. Resuscitate for 10 minutes. Continue until pulse > 100, good cry, good breathing, pink tongue (O2 to brain).
Therapeutic hypothermia may help perinatal encephalopathy after asphyxia.
Hypoglycemia
listlessness, hypotonia, apathy, poor feed, apnia, cyanosis, temp instability, pallor and sweating, tremors, irritable, seizures, high pitched weak cry,
4yo tachycardia, slurred speech, diaphoresis
BG checks every hour for 4 hrs, then every 3 hrs til stable.
Feed every 2-3 hrs
Neutral thermo
Rest to decrease energy
Neonatal abstinence syndrome
Tremors, regurgitation, shrills, high-pitched cry
Cocaine: fussy, irritable, inconsolable, poor suck and swallow
Trt: provide comfort, relieve symptoms, improve feeding and weight gain, prevent seizures, promote mom interactions, reduce mortality and abnormal development
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Enteral antibiotics, parenteral fluids, milk feedings, corticosteroids, probiotics, slow drip feedings.
S&S: BILIOUS VOMITTING Feeding intolerance, abdominal distention, bloody stools, septic shock, diarrhea, temp instability, lethargy, apnea, hypotesnion,
Trt: bowel rest, antibiotics, possible ostomy, gastric decompression,
Bladder exstrophy
The bladder is open and exposed to the outside of the abdomen. It requires surgical repair. Protect the bladder and prevent infection. Place infant in supine position, keep bladder moist and cover with a sterile plastic bag. Change soiled diapers immediately, sponge bathe, apply barrier cream
Cycle of violence
Tension building is the longest phase. When the partner may try to calm down the user to prevent abuse.
Acute battery phase is the violence.
The honeymoon phase is the calm and loving behavior phase.
The goal of intimate partner violence is to encourage the woman to regain control of her life. Offer safety plan and shelter info
Battered Pregnant Women
At higher risk for violence. Intimate partner violence usually lasts longer if the woman has children. Pregnant women are vulnerable during this time. Poor mental health, depression, PTSD
Establish rapport and trust, consistent and direct approach, safety assessment, emotional support
ABC’s of caring for abused women
A is for reassuring the woman that she is not alone. People can help her
B expressing the belief that violence is not acceptable and it is not her fault. Believe her story
C Confidentiality, interview alone, assure her you will not tell others
D Documentation includes a quoted statement, accurate descriptions of injuries and their history, information on the first, worst, and most recent abuse. Photos of the injuries with consent
E Education about the cycle of violence and that it will escalate. Offer community support and referrals. Display posters and brochures. Educate about the abuse.
S Safety is the most important aspect of intervention. See that the woman has resources and a plan of action when she decides to leave
Rape Recovery - 4 phases
- Acute phase-disorganization: shock, fear, disbelief, anger, shame, guilt, unclean, insomnia, nightmares, sobbing
- Outward adjustmant-denial: composed, returns to work-school, denies counseling
- Reorganizaion: life adjustments, moves, changes jobs, uses distance to cope
- Integration and Recovery: feels safe, trusts, advocate for others
Date rape drugs
Also called club drugs.
Rohypnol (roofies, forget pills, drop drug) 10x valium, memory loss for 8 hrs
Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB, liquid ecstasy, easy lay): euphoria, out of body, sleepy, increased sex drive, memory loss. Unconcious, coma, depression
Ketamine (special K, Vitamin K, superacid): separates perception and sensation, fatal with other drugs
PTSD
Intrusion is reexperiencing the trauma, nightmares, flashbacks, recurrent thoughts.
Avoidance avoiding the trauma stimuli, social withdrawal, emotional numbing.
Hyperarousal increased emotional arousal, exaggerated startle response, irritable.
Symptoms usually start within three months and must last longer than 1 month
Risk factors for intimate partner violence in men
Individual factors: young, heavy drinker, personality disorder, depression, low academics, seeing or experiencing violence as a child
Relationship factors: marital conflict or instability, economic stress, dysfunctional family, male dominance, cohabitation, outside sexual partners
Community factors: week sanctions against violence, poverty, low social capital
Societal factors: traditional gender or social norms supportive of violence.
PEA Pulseless electrical activity
Asystole, no cardiac electrical activity, straight line on ECG.
PEA has some rhythm on ECG, but no pulses.
Ventricular tachycardia may also present as pulseless. Wide QRS, no P
Ventricular fibrillation chaotic, no P, No QRS, no T
Although these have rhythm, they are pulseless and must receive compressions
