Unit 5 Part 1 Flashcards
Applied behavior analysis
The extension of B. F. Skinner’s behavioral principles (i.e., operant conditioning) to practical settings.
Psychoneuroimmunology
The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect our immune system and resulting health
Stress
The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Approach and avoidance motives
The drive to move toward (approach) or away from (avoid) a stimulus
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases — alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Tend and befriend response
Under stress, people (especially women) may nurture themselves and others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).
Gratitude
An appreciative emotion people often experience when they benefit from other’s actions or recognize their own good fortune
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people
Catharsis
In psychology, the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
Problem focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly — by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
Emotion focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction
Social anxiety disorder
Intense fear and avoidance of social situations
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
People’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood.
Adaptation level phenomenon
Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
Relative deprivation
The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.
Broaden and build therapy
Proposes that positive emotions broaden our awareness, which over time helps us build novel and meaningful skills and resilience that improve well-being
Aversion therapy
A form of behavior therapy in which the client is conditioned to change or eliminate undesirable behavior or symptoms by associating them with noxious or unpleasant experiences, such as a bitter taste (for nail biting) or nausea (for alcoholism)
Mindfulness meditation
A reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner
Biofeedback
Information about bodily processes and systems provided by an organism’s receptors to enable it to maintain a physiologically desirable internal environment and make adjustments as necessary
Psychological disorder
A disturbance in people’s thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that causes distress or suffering and impairs their daily lives
Medical model
The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital
Diathesis-stress model
The concept that genetic predispositions (diathesis) combine with environmental stressors (stress) to influence psychological disorder
DSM-5-TR
The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
Anxiety disorders
A group of disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety and related maladaptive behaviors
Dialectical behavior therapy
A flexible, stage-based therapy that combines principles of behavior therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, and mindfulness. It establishes a “dialectic” between helping individuals to accept the reality of their lives and their own behaviors on the one hand and helping them learn to change their lives, including dysfunctional behaviors, on the other
Learned helplessness
The hopelessness and passive resignation humans and other animals learn when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack
Agoraphobia
Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one may experience a loss of control and panic
Specific phobia
An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
Martin Seligman
Leading authority in the fields of Positive Psychology, resilience, learned helplessness, depression, optimism and pessimism
Positive psychology
The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of promoting strengths and virtues that foster well-being, resilience, and positive emotions, and that help individuals and communities to thrive
Subjective well being
Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life
Trauma and stressor related disorders
A group of disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is followed by psychological distress
Depressive disorders
A group of disorders characterized by an enduring sad, empty, or irritable mood, along with physical and cognitive changes that affect a person’s ability to function
Bipolar disorders
A group of disorders in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)
Major depressive disorder
A disorder in which a person experiences five or more symptoms lasting two or more weeks, in the absence of drug use or a medical condition, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure
Persistent depressive disorder
A disorder in which people experience a depressed mood on more days than not for at least 2 years (formerly called dysthymia.)
Bipolar I disorder
The most severe form, in which people experience a euphoric, talkative, highly energetic, and overly ambitious state that lasts a week or longer
Bipolar II disorder
A less severe form of bipolar in which people move between depression and a milder hypomania
Mania
A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common
Rumination
Compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders
A group of disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized or unusual motor behavior, and negative symptoms (such as diminished emotional expression); includes schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder.
Psychotic disorders
A group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality
Delusion
A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
Chronic schizophrenia
(Also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten
Acute schizophrenia
(Also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age; frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event, and from which recovery is much more likely
Dissociative disorders
A controversial, rare group of disorders characterized by a disruption of or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior
Generalized anxiety disorder
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
Lithium
An element of the alkali metal group whose salts are used in psychopharmacotherapy as mood stabilizers; first used for the treatment of mania in the 1940s, but widespread use was limited by their toxicity
Tardive dyskinesia
A movement disorder associated with the use of antipsychotics, particularly conventional antipsychotics that act primarily as dopamine-receptor antagonists
Deep brain stimulation
A neurosurgical procedure used most commonly to treat the disabling neurological symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (e.g., tremor, rigidity, stiffness, dyskinesia), particularly when such symptoms cannot be adequately controlled with medications
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both
Hoarding disorder
A persistent difficulty parting with possessions, regardless of their value
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Biomedical therapy
Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology
Eclectic approach
An approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy
Objective well being
An external, measurable assessment of a person’s quality of life based on objective factors and indicators; includes/involves physical factors that widely account for our basic needs
Subjective well being
How people experience and evaluate their lives and specific domains and activities in their lives
Resistance
In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
Interpretation
In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
Transference
In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
Psychodynamic therapy
Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight
Insight therapies
Therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses
Person centered therapy
A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. (Also called client-centered therapy.)
Active listening
Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and seeks clarification. A feature of Rogers’ person-centered therapy
Unconditional positive regard
A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. (Also known as unconditional regard.)
Behavior therapy
Therapy that uses learning principles to reduce unwanted behaviors
Counterconditioning
Behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. (Formerly called multiple personality disorder.)
Dissociative amnesia
A disorder in which people with intact brains reportedly experience memory gaps; people with dissociative amnesia may report not remembering trauma-related specific events, people, places, or aspects of their identity and life history
Personality disorders
A group of disorders characterized by enduring inner experiences or behavior patterns that differ from someone’s cultural norms and expectations, are pervasive and inflexible, begin in adolescence or early adulthood, are stable over time, and cause distress or impairment
Antisocial personality disorder
A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
Feeding and eating disorders
A group of disorders characterized by altered consumption or absorption of food that impairs health or psychological functioning. (Feeding disorders typically occur in infants and young children, whereas eating disorders affect people who self-feed.)
Anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, and has an inaccurate self-perception; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise
Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder in which a person’s binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss-promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Central nervous system abnormalities (usually in the brain) that start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior (as in intellectual limitations or a psychological disorder)
Hypomania
A state of enhanced mood and increased energy and activity that resembles mania but is milder
Exposure therapies
Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid.
Systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat specific phobias
VR exposure therapy
A counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face specific fears, such as flying, spiders, or public speaking
Aversive conditioning
Associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).
B.F. Skinner
Developed theory of operant conditioning and the token economy
Token economy
An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats
Dissociative Fugue
In DSM–IV–TR, a dissociative disorder in which the individual suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or a customary place of daily activities and is unable to recall some or all of their past
