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AP Psych Vocab > Unit 3 Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

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2
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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3
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A

Physical and cognitive function deficits in children caused by their birth mother’s heavy drinking during pregnancy. In severe cases, symptoms include a small, out-of-proportion head and distinct facial features

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4
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

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5
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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6
Q

Critical Period

A

An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

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7
Q

Sex

A

The biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male, female, and intersex

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8
Q

Gender

A

The attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex

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9
Q

Menarche

A

The first menstrual period

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10
Q

Role

A

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

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11
Q

Gender Role

A

A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and for women

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12
Q

Gender Identity

A

Our personal sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male and female, regardless of whether this identity matches our sex assigned at birth, and the social affiliation that may result from this identity

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13
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

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14
Q

Gender Typing

A

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

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15
Q

Androgyny

A

Displaying traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine psychological characteristics

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16
Q

Sexuality

A

Our thoughts, feelings, and actions related to our physical attraction to another

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17
Q

Asexual

A

Having no sexual attraction toward others

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18
Q

Intersex

A

Possessing male and female biological sexual characteristics at birth

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19
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

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20
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

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21
Q

Spermarche

A

The first ejaculation

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22
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) at which children can perform the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete (actual, physical) events

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23
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) at which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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24
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Came up with the Vygotsky Sociocultural theory asserting that a child’s cognitive development and learning ability can be guided and mediated by their social interactions

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25
Q

Theory of mind

A

People’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states — about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

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26
Q

Phoneme

A

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

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27
Q

Morpheme

A

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word

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28
Q

Grammar

A

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. Semantics is the language’s set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is its set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences

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29
Q

Universal Grammar (UG)

A

Humans’ innate predisposition to understand the principles and rules that govern grammar in all languages

30
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

A person’s sexual and emotional attraction to another person and the behavior and/or social affiliation that may result from this attraction

31
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Developed Piaget’s theory of cognitive development which proposes four different stages of the child development process

32
Q

Cognition

A

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

33
Q

Schema

A

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

34
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

35
Q

Accommodation

A

Adapting our current schemas (understandings) to incorporate new information

36
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) at which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

37
Q

Object Permanence

A

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

38
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) at which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

39
Q

Conservation

A

The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

40
Q

Egocentrism

A

In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

41
Q

Strange Situation

A

A procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child’s reactions are observed

42
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver’s return

43
Q

Insecure Attachment

A

Demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

44
Q

Erik Erikson

A

ASK MRS. PALMER
Developed theory of development, believing that humans’ personalities continued to develop past age five and that the development of personality depended directly on the resolution of existential crises like trust, anatomy, intimacy, individuality, integrity, and identity

45
Q

Basic Trust

A

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

46
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

Researched parenting styles, theorizing that children’s behavior can be attributed to the specific parenting style they experience in their homes

47
Q

One-word stage

A

The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

48
Q

Two-word stage

A

Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements

49
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

The early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram — “go car” — using mostly nouns and verbs

50
Q

Aphasia

A

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)

51
Q

Paul Broca

A

Discovered the speech production center of the brain

52
Q

Broca’s Area

A

A frontal lobe brain area, usually in the left hemisphere, that helps control language expression by directing the muscle movements involved in speech

53
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

Discovered the area in the cerebrum responsible for receptive language/ speech phenomena in the superior gyrus of the temporal lobe

54
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

A brain area, usually in the left temporal lobe, involved in language comprehension and expression

55
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

56
Q

Linguistic Relativism

A

The idea that language influences the way we think

57
Q

Ecological Systems Theory

A

A theory of the social environment’s influence on human development, using five nested systems (microsystem; mesosystem; exosystem; macrosystem; chronosystem) ranging from direct to indirect influences

58
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

59
Q

Harry and Margaret Harlow

A

Showed in their studies that the bond between mother and child in the first few years of life is extremely important for the mental health and development of the child

60
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally — naturally and automatically — triggers an unconditioned response UCR

61
Q

Unconditional Response (UR)

A

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) (such as food in the mouth)

62
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

63
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

In classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)

64
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

65
Q

Social Identity

A

The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

66
Q

Social Clock

A

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

67
Q

Associative Learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning)

68
Q

Respondent Behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

69
Q

Operant Behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing a consequence

70
Q

Cognitive Learning

A

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

AP Psych Vocab (10 decks)

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